Transcript Egypt
Egypt World History Core Geography/Interaction with the Environment Location West of the Fertile Crescent Africa Along the Nile River Nile Floods yearly Flows NORTH (due to the elevation of the highlands in Eastern Africa to the Mediterranean Sea) Longest river (4100 miles) Geography/Interaction with the Environment “Gift of the Nile” 5th c. Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt Predictable Floods Snows melted in highland which led to the water flooding the Nile River region (every year around the same time) Too Much WATER: ruin homes and granaries Not Enough WATER: poor crops and starvation Geography/Interaction with the Environment Deserts isolate and protect Small area of arable land Also provides protection from invaders Upper and Lower Egypt SOUTH Higher Elevation NORTH Lower Elevation Geography/Interaction with the Environment Delta 100 miles from the Mediterranean Sea Broad, marshy, Δ area of land formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of a river Power and Authority Narmer United Upper and Lower Egypt Combined the crowns of each to make one unified crown Pharaohs God-King Most powerful being Theocracy Government based on religious authority Power and Authority Social Classes Kings, Queens, Royal Family Upper Class: landowners, gov’t officials, priest, commanders Middle Class: merchants, artisans Lower Class: peasants and laborers Power and Authority Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt Old 2660 – 2180 BC Middle 2040 – 1640 BC New 1570 – 1075 BC Religious and Ethnical Systems Polytheistic Belief in more than one God Re Sun God Osiris God of the Dead Isis Goddess, represents ideal mother and wife Religious and Ethnical Systems Ka Eternal life force Afterlife A continuing life after death Anubis: God and guide of underworld Judged deeds of people after they died • Weighed the heart, it had to be no heavier than a feather to pass through the gates Religious and Ethnical Systems Mummification A method of preserving bodies Embalming/drying of corpus Prevents decaying Book of the Dead Scrolls of hymns/prayers for the afterlife to help guide the soul after death Pyramids Elaborate tombs Filled with items people would need for afterlife Made of granite and limestone Each stone 2.5 tons Religious and Ethnical Systems King Tut Tutankhamen New Kingdom Pharaoh Reign began at the age of 9 Made transition from Aten (monotheistic religion) back to original, polytheistic religion One of the only intact tombs in the Valley of the Kings Cultural Interaction/Economics/Empire Building Old Kingdom Led by pharaohs, 2660 – 2180 BC Limited Trade: due to geography Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 BC Canal: built canal from Nile to Red Sea Gave way to trade and transportation Hyksos “Rulers from a Foreign Land”=Palestine Ruled Egypt from 1630 – 1075 BC Cultural Interaction/Economics/Empire Building New Kingdom 1570 – 1075 BC GOAL: strengthen empire Hatshepsut • Woman pharaoh • Encourage trade instead of war Thutmose III • Son of Hatshepsut • Eastward expansion to Palestine and Syria Ramses II • Defended kingdom from Hittites Hittites: from Palestine and Syria, Egypt had expanded to their area = bringing them to Egypt Revolution Amenhotep becomes Ikhnaton Changes name to Ikhnaton Tries to get Egypt to worship Aten (sun) only making Egypt monothestic Hatshepsut becomes first female Pharaoh Husband dies and his son is not worthy for throne because his mother was a “lesser” Hatshepsut took over as Queen Science and Technology Hieroglyphics Picture form of writing Rosetta Stone Papyrus Reeds split and placed close together, wet and dried together Calendar Track flooding and planting 365 days/12 months/30 days each/5 feast days Science and Technology Mathematics # system developed for tax and geometry purposes Architecture Sphinx Old Kingdom, located in Giza Considered guardians ½ human ½ lion Valley of the Kings New Kingdom Pharaoh tombs Medicine Discovered pulse Set bones Surgery