Transcript NATIONAL SURVEY OF MARAE 1997
STRATEGIES OF RESISTANCE TO STATE INFLUENCE IN MARAE MANAGEMENT
Reconciling Tensions Between Community Self Determination And State Authority
What is the nature of the state’s influence on marae?
How do marae strengthen their rangatiratanga in light of this influence?
STATE AUTHORITY STATE LEGISLATION MAORI LAND COURT TRUSTEES MARAE
COMMUNITY AUTHORITY THE COMMUNITY MARAE COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE
TWO AUTHORITIES FOR MARAE STATE LEGISLATION THE COMMUNITY MAORI LAND COURT TRUSTEES MARAE MARAE COMMITTEE EXECUTIVE
SOME DEFINITIONS OF MARAE Physical complex Complex with a meeting house and marae atea Community gathering place Place for cultural expression Community centre Village Sanctuary
A MARAE IS A SYMBOLIC OR PHYSICAL HOME FOR A KIN-BASED GROUP
Whare Community Land
NATIONAL SURVEY OF MARAE 1997
1031 active marae identified nationwide 877 participated in the survey 72% registered under Te Ture Whenua (Maori Land) Act
A MAORI RESERVATION IS … A block of land … Held in trust … For a specific purpose (eg marae) … For the benefit of a specified group of people (eg a named hapu or iwi)
LEGISLATION FOR RESERVATIONS Te Ture Whenua Maori Act 1993 Maori Reservations Regulations 1994
Administered by the Maori Land Court
MAORI RESERVATIONS marae church site village site burial ground meeting place spring landing place building site well timber reserve catchment area or other source of water supply place of cultural, historical, or scenic interest recreation ground sports ground fishing ground bathing place for any other specified purpose
MAIN MANAGEMENT GROUPS Of the 877 marae surveyed 44% had a current trustees committee 54% had a marae committee
MARAE COMMITTEE COMPRISES … Members of the marae community and the marae executive who are at the marae committee hui
FUNCTION OF THE MARAE COMMITTEE Day-to-day care of the marae Administration Wider community involvement Development project planning
COMMITTEE AUTHORITY MARAE COMMITTEE TRUSTEES Community membership Hui Kaumatua Kawa Consensus decisionmaking Court appointed Hierarchy of authority Fixed duties governed by rules Authority to give commands
OPTIONS FOR RECONCILING AUTHORITY 1.
Replace the marae committee with the trustees committee 2.
Make a version of the marae committee a sub-committee of the trustees
RETAINING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae
RETAINING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae The community handles problems
REINFORCING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae The community handles problems
REINFORCING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae The community handles problems Restrict trustees sphere of influence
REINFORCING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae The community handles problems Restrict trustees sphere of influence Trustees and marae committee have a perceived hierarchical role
REINFORCING RANGATIRATANGA Link trustees committee to the paepae The community handles problems Restrict trustees sphere of influence Trustees and marae committee have a perceived hierarchical role Use marae executive as a bridging committee
TRUSTEES’ POWERS Authorize activities Issue permits Call administration meetings Make appointments and employ advisers Apply to the Court for directions
AUTHORIZATION PROCESS FOR ACTIVITIES TRUSTEES MARAE COMMITTEE 1.
2.
A formal process of: Written applications Meeting to grant/decline Logistical consideration at marae committee hui RECONCILIATION: The marae committee approves activities; the trustees can access the marae committee’s records.
ORGANIZING MEETINGS TRUSTEES Held when necessary Requires a quorum Decision by majority vote of trustees Record in minute book MARAE COMMITTEE Held monthly Proceeds with whoever is in attendance Decisions by consensus Record in minute book RECONCILIATION: Each committee holds separate meetings with trustees meetings following the regulations. Each handles different issues.
APPOINTMENTS TRUSTEES MARAE COMMITTEE Formal process not required Decisions by majority vote Nominations process Election process for trustees and executive RECONCILIATION: The marae committee appoints administrative officials based on a three-year term of office and using AGM procedures set out in the Regulations.
HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY Marae Community Marae Committee Marae Executive Trustees Maori Land Court
HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY Maori Land Court Trustees Marae Committee Marae Executive Marae Community
OTHER RESERVATIONS REGULATIONS 1.
2.
3.
Prepare a charter Display permanent notices Procedures for official complaints to the Court
OTHER RESERVATIONS REGULATIONS 1.
2.
3.
Prepare a charter
Display permanent notices
Procedures for official complaints to the Court
OTHER RESERVATIONS REGULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
Prepare a charter
Display permanent notices Procedures for official complaints to the Court
OTHER RESERVATIONS REGULATIONS 1.
2.
3.
Prepare a charter Display permanent notices
Procedures for official complaints to the Court
What is the nature of the state’s influence on marae?
A TRANSITION PHASE FROM TRADITIONAL TO MODERN Community groups & court appointed committees Hui & meetings Kaumatua leadership & official authority Kawa & bureaucratic procedures Consensus & majority vote decisionmaking
How do marae strengthen their rangatiratanga in light of this influence?
RESISTANCE TO EROSION OF RANGATIRATANGA Existing marae committees The paepae and trustees committee link Community problemsolving Restricting the trustees sphere of influence Perceived hierarchical management structure Marae executive as a bridging committee
Stand on the back of the Turtle, our mother, and look at the land and wonder what it would have been like if Columbus would have been successful in his pursuit of India and avoided the eastern shore of this continent. Wipe your Indian hands on your Levi jeans, get into your Toyota pick-up. Throw in a tape of Mozart, Led Zeppelin or ceremonial Sioux songs; then throw your head back and laugh - you are a survivor of a colonized people. Paint what you see, sculpt what you feel, and stay amused.
George Longfish