Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Home - ISIS della Bassa Friulana

AQUILEIA
PALMANOVA
TORVISCOSA
THE LOCAL COUNTRYSIDE
FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 1900
We have chosen to show the changes our countryside underwent in time providing
the specific examples of three villages.
Along the centuries there really developed techniques and methods of peaceful
integration between man and territory:
The example of Aquileia dates back to Roman times. Here a rather wild and
deprived territory organization was replaced by the so-called centuriazione. This
was a precise territory planning devised to fulfill the economic and politic demands
of the community.
The example of Palmanova shows how historical and political changes can greatly
affect the architectural development of a territory so that it can become a symbol
of strength and power.
The example of Torviscosa represents the most modern solution to the
improvement of an unsuitable territory to answer the needs of civil and social life
through the creation of an industrial area which can be embedded in a political
project as the fascist one.
AQUILEIA’S HISTORY
Aquileia was founded as a military colony by
the Romans in 181 BC as its quadrilateral
shape divided by maximum “cardine” and
maximum “decumano” well shows.
Aquileia was morally and culturally important
during the spread of Chistianity,which could
develop thanks to its deacons and presbyteries
(Ermacora and Fortunato, Ilario and Canziano,
Crisogono were martyrs).
A fortification wall unfortunately crashed and
as a result Attila could enter the city and
finally destroy it. (452)
Its church authority and the myth of the strong
city survived, although its territory was smaller
than it had ever been n the past. The urban
area and Grado’s harbour were still important
for its economy.
In 1509 Aquileia was annexed to the Saint
Roman Empire.
Aquileia depended on Habsburg.
Later it was annexed to Friuli and Italy after
the First World War.
AQUILEIA’S MONUMENTS
FORO: it was the most important square of
Aquileia
RIVER PORT: the Natisone river was dug
and widened to have a river port to be used
for a commercial aim (you could go from the
sea to the city).
SEPOLCRETO: it is the only example of
Roman cemetery found in Aquileia.
MAUSOLEUM: reading the epigraph, you can
understand that the buried person’s name is
unknown, but he was likely to have been an
important magistrate.
ROMAN HOUSES: Near the Basilica, there are
floors decorated by mosaics, belonging to
patrician houses.
THE BASILICA: The mosaic floors survived since
date back to IV century. The bell tower was
probably made thanks to bricks of the
amphitheatre by the famous Patriarch Popone
during 1031 A.D. Its function was to be a
defensive: it is 73m high.
THE NATISSA RIVER
It is the river flowing in Aquileia.
The Natissa river is born near Aquileia and Terzo d’ Aquileia, in Roncus (a small site).
After flowing the inhabited centre of Aquileia, the river receives the waters of the Terzo
River and ends in Grado’s lagoon. The Natissa River is navigable by a simple boat. When
Aquileia was an important harbour, the river was 48m wide.
“CENTURIATIO”
ROMAN TERRITORY TRANSFORMATION
“Centuriatio” is the expression used in geometry of an excellent hydrogeological
reorganizing plan. At the same time it was a means to control and distribute wealth
and foundation of a new town and society.
Steps of territory organization:
1) The conquered land was divided into three parts: the first one was assigned to
the natives, the second one to Roman settlers and the last one was used for
Roman government’s pasture and wood.
2) The most suitable site for the foundation of the town was singled out. Land
surveyors provided to trace a net of squares of 710 meters side called
“centuria”, after choosing a fundamental direction axis (cardine maximum), due
to the nature and structure of the land, and another axis perpendicular to the
first one (decumano)
3) Each “centuria” was divided into equal land plots separated by inner borderlines
(“limites intercisivi”) each called “heredium”, whose half was called “jugerum”.
It was itself made of squares of 35 or 52 meters sides. Plots were assigned to
the people having right to it and according to the law defined quantity. The
order of assignment was established by chance. The plot given to Aquileia’s
settlers was equal to 50 “jugerum” for infantry, to 100 for centuria’s leaders and
to 140 for chivalry. Such quantities were superior to the ones of other colonies
owing to the difficulty to find families ready to move in places that were
considered dangerous.
After such logistic provision, the territory had radically changed and had been
structured into regular fields, according to a square structure that influenced
road conditions, settlements and irrigation ditches.
PALMANOVA’S HISTORY
Palmanova was established on the 7th
October 1593 by the Republic of Venice at the
end of 500s, to defend his Eastern borderlines
against the Turkish with help of the Habsburg
Empire.
Palmanova was ruled by the Serenissima for
over 200 years(1593-1797)
In 1757 General
Palmanova.
Bonaparte
conquered
After Campoformido’s Treaty the fortress came
to belong to the Austrian Empire (1798-1805) and,
on a second moment it was part of the Italian
Kingdom as a result of an Italian conquest.(18061814).
After Napoleone’s fall, Palmanova went back to
the Habsburg Empire which owned it up to the
1866.
With the plebiscite of the 1866, Palmanova was
definitely annexed to the Kingdom of Italy.
PALMANOVA’S MONUMENTS
Access to the City of Palmanova is possible
through the THREE MONUMENTAL DOORS
probably designed by the architect Vincenzo
Scamozzi.
PIAZZA GRANDE is a perfect hexagonal
space which has at its centre a basement
made with Istria stone, from which a tall
standard raises. It provides a testimonial of
the historical events of the fortress of which it
is a symbol. The main buildings overlook tthe
Piazza Grande.
POLVERIERA
NAPOLEONICA
is
a
rectangular planted building, built during the
Napoleonic Period. Currently it hosts various
cultural activities.
L' ACQUEDOTTO is a mighty construction in
white stone of Istria. It brought the civil water
into the city; on the contrary military water
flowed in the ditch and totally surrounded the
fortress.
PALMANOVA CATHEDRAL (1615 -1636),
leans out on Piazza Grande and provides an
interesting example of Venetian architecture in
Friuli.
TERRITORY STRUCTURE
AFTER NAPOLEON’S PERIOD
TORVISCOSA’S HISTORY AND TERRITORY
Rome colonized the area in 181 B.C. This can be seen in several findings in the area.
Meaningful examples are the signs of Via Annia which starts in Aquileia and crossing also
the River Ausa, Malisana and Padua connected with Via Emilia in Bologna.
During the Roman Period Torviscosa was a marshy area. There were lot of rivers and
frequent floods in the nearabouts.
In 1161, the name of a spot called Malisana appeared in an official document. On a second
moment Torviscosa would be built in that area.
1690 : the first drainage project was carried out by Conte
Antonio Savorgnan, who was the manager of part of the
land reclamation on which the new Zuino area would add
which would be called La Torre di Zuino.
In the first years of 1900 there were various projects
concerning the territory. They were designed by architect
De Min, who was supported by Mr. Marinotti.
The project implied:
- some territories drainage
- canalization of fields
- division of the grounds to be cultivated into 8 agencies
- the main industrial nucleus.
WHY WAS TORVISCOSA BORN
1929 World economic crisis
Hard economic consequences
Import decrease
Export impulse
search of alternative
resources
Bassa Friulana was chosen
exactly where the old
suburb of Torre di Zuino
had risen, to carry out the
project. There were lots of
marshy zones here and big
possibilities
to
recruit
manpower existed.
Lack of raw materials:
production of cellulose
possible solution
You could not find that
kind of wood in Italy, so
SNIA (Società
Navigazione Industriale
Applicazioni Viscosa.)
Viscosa found a way to
produce cellulose from
“canna gentile “ and they
directed their production
towards textile fibres.
TORVISCOSA’S DEVELOPMENT
On 27 October 1937 the cellulose’s project began.
On 21 September 1938 Benito Mussolini, leader of the
Italian Government, opened the plan
Torre di Zuino became a municipality and was called
Torviscosa on October 26th , 1940.
1944/45 factory destruction. At the end of the war,
damages were repaired and Torviscosa’s rebuilding began
thanks to Mr. Marinotti’s will.
In 1950 Soda-Chlorine plant was started.
In 1961 the new thermoelettric central was built up.
In 1985 the factory became part of the SNIA BPD group
and became CAFFARO S.p.A.
Along the years optimization interventions were
carried out