Transcript Organic Chemistry - Needham Public Schools

Organic Chemistry
Assignment
Make a concept map, timeline or alternative
notebook which includes a brief history and
the progression of organic chemistry.
You must include one accidental discovery i.e.:
Perkin’s Dye or Teflon
This helps us to determine
structure and shape of some
simple organic compounds.

http://www.colby.edu/chemistry/OChem/
DEMOS/Repcmpds.html
History
http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/OrgChem/intro.html

The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to
1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their
remains. The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of
organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while
inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory
known as "Vitalism" stated that a "vital force" from living organisms was
necessary to make an organic compound. 1828, a German chemist
Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) amazed the science community by using
the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, NH4OCN to synthesize
urea, H2NCONH2, an organic substance found in the urine of many
animals. This led to the disappearance of the "Vitalism" theory.
Today, chemists consider organic compounds to
be those containing carbon and one or more
other elements, most often hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens, but sometimes
others as well. Organic chemistry is defined as
the chemistry of carbon and its compounds.
This web page contains information that will
help you identify important organic chemistry
compounds, alkyl and aryl groups, as well as
functional groups that exist in many organic
chemistry compounds.
http://www.miracosta.edu/home/dlr/ocnames.htm
We will learn how to name
some organic compounds.
Alkane, Alkene, Alkynes, Aromatics,
Alcohols, Esters, Amines, and Ketones
just to name a few!
The Uniqueness of Carbon

There are more carbon compounds than there are
compounds of all other elements combined. Plastics, foods,
textiles, and many other common substances contain
carbon. With oxygen and a metallic element, carbon forms
many important carbonates, such as calcium carbonate
(limestone) and sodium carbonate (soda). Certain active
metals react with it to make industrially important carbides,
such as silicon carbide, an abrasive known as carborundum,
and tungsten carbide, an extremely hard substance used for
rock drills and metalworking tools.
Polymers
A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule)
composed of repeating structural units
connected by covalent chemical bonds. The word
is derived from the Greek words πολυ (poly),
meaning "many"; and μέρος (meros), meaning
"part". Well known examples of polymers include
plastics, DNA and proteins.
While "polymer" in popular usage suggests
"plastic", the term actually refers to a large
class of natural and synthetic materials with a
variety of properties and purposes.
A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros
"part") is a small molecule that may become
chemically bonded to other monomers to form a
polymer [1].
A single molecule that has the ability to combine with
identical or similar molecules, a process also known
as polymerization.
Polymerization is a chemical reaction in which two or more
molecules, or monomers, combine to form larger molecules, or
polymers.
http://www.coolschool.ca/lor/BI12/unit2/U02L01.htm
Natural polymers
Synthetic polymers
and
Biopolymers
Natural polymer materials such as shellac and amber
have been in use for centuries. Biopolymers such as
proteins and nucleic acids play crucial roles in
biological processes. A variety of other natural polymers
exist, such as cellulose, which is the main constituent of
wood and paper. Some common synthetic polymers are
Bakelite, neoprene, nylon, PVC (polyvinyl chloride),
polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile and PVB (polyvinyl butyral)
Introduction to polymer science by
William Reusch
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/polymers.htm
Use the web site above to match which polymer makes the following products.
Seat covers, films
Lighting covers, signs, skylights
Latex paints, adhesive
Film wrap, plastic bags
Pipes, siding, flooring
Synthetic rubber oil resistant
Toys, cabinets, packaging foam
Similar to LDPE carpet, upholstery
Requires vulcanization for practical use
Non-stick surfaces, electrical insulation
Electrical insulation bottles, toys
Rugs, blankets, clothing
The great number of carbon compounds is possible because of
the ability of carbon to form strong covalent bonds to each other
while also holding the atoms of other nonmetals strongly. Carbon
atoms have the special property to bond with each other to form
chains, ring, spheres, and tubes. Chains of carbon atoms can be
thousands of atoms long, as in polyethylene.
Polyethylene chain:
H H H H H H H HH H H
| | | | | | | | | | |
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-etc.
| | | | | | | | | | |
H HH H H H H H H H H
Another model of
polyethylene
------>
Teflon, a product advertised as making life easy, is also used in a
different form to keep stains off carpets and clothing. DuPont calls
these products the housewives' best friend. Teflon and the
chemicals used in its production have grown into a $2 billion-ayear industry. This includes ammonium perfluorooctanoate, known
as C-8, which has been linked to cancer, organ damage and other
health effects in tests on laboratory animals.
In two to five minutes on a conventional stovetop, cookware
coated with Teflon and other non-stick surfaces can exceed
temperatures at which the coating breaks apart and emits
toxic particles and gases linked to hundreds, perhaps
thousands, of pet bird deaths and an unknown number of
human illnesses each year, according to tests commissioned
by Environmental Working Group (EWG).
Proteins are large organic compounds made of
amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined
together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl
and amino groups of adjacent amino acid
residues.
Proteins are probably the most important class of
biochemical molecules, although of course lipids
and carbohydrates are also essential for life.
Proteins are the basis for the major structural
components of animal and human tissue.
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Biodegardable
Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating
from plant or animal sources, which may be broken down by
other living organisms. Waste that cannot be broken down by
other living organisms may be called non-biodegradable.
Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal
solid waste (sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste,
or BMW) as green waste, food waste, paper waste, and
biodegradable plastics. Other biodegradable wastes include
human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste.
Nonbiodegradable
Substance that cannot be broken down in the environment by
natural processess.
This is a list for "non biodegrdable materials" ....
* Plastic
Plastic is made from petrol, and petrol can not degrade in the nature very
easily.
* Nylon
Nylon is made from plastic also.
* Tin cans
Tin cans are very bad for the nature.
Nylon
Nylon is a generic designation for a family of synthetic
polymers known generically as polyamides and first produced
on February 28, 1935 by Wallace Carothers at DuPont. Nylon
is one of the most commonly used polymers.
Structural Isomers
Isomers are classified as structural isomers, which have the
same number of atoms of each element in them and the same
atomic weight but differ in the arrangement of atoms in the
molecule. For example, there ware two compounds with the
molecular formula C2H6O. One is ethanol (also called ethyl
alcohol), CH3CH2OH, a colorless liquid alcohol; the other is
dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, a colorless gaseous ether. Among
their different properties, ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5°C
and a freezing point of -117°C; dimethyl ether has a boiling
point of -25°C and a freezing point of -138°C. Ethanol and
dimethyl ether are isomers because they differ in the way the
atoms are joined together in their molecules.