Transcript SwimZoo Mascots - Frontline First Aid & Emergency Training

Welcome to the
Canadian Red Cross
Workplace Emergency First Aid Course
(WEFA)
Copyright © 2014 The Canadian Red Cross Society
What You Will Learn
 Principles of providing first aid in the workplace
 Patient assessment skills
 Caring for injured workers with spinal injuries
 How to care for life threatening conditions
involving the Airway, Breathing and Circulation
 How to manage minor injuries
 How to complete WorkSafeBC paperwork
Slide 2
Expectations
 Full student participation
 Ongoing practical evaluation
 Written exam at end of course
(70% required to pass)
 Successful completion of the course provides 3
year certification
 Certification includes CPR level A
 A course evaluation must be completed.
Slide 3
The Founder
Henry Dunant
May 8, 1828 – October 30, 1910
 Founder of the International
Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC).
 Instrumental in the
formation of the Geneva
Convention.
 Received the first Nobel
Peace Prize in 1901.
Slide 4
Red Cross Fundamental Principles
 Humanity
► Neutrality
 Impartiality
► Independence
► Voluntary Service
► Universality
► Unity
Slide 5
Who We Are – Canadian Red Cross
Our Mission:
The Canadian Red Cross’s mission is to improve the
lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of
humanity in Canada and around the world.
Slide 6
Canadian Red Cross Services
 Disaster Services
 International Programs
 First Aid Programs
 Water Safety Services
 RespectED: Violence and Abuse Prevention
 Homecare Services
 Health Equipment Loan Program (HELP)
Contact your local CRC or visit www.redcross.ca
to find out about volunteering.
Slide 7
Role and Responsibilities
The First Aid Attendant:
 Must follow the principals of first aid outlined in
WorkSafeBC’s training programs as listed in the
B.C. Occupational Health and Safety regulations,
sections 3.14 to 3.21 (See Appendix “A” of your
Student Guide for more information.
 Has an obligation to provide first aid in the
workplace.
 Must not abandon the patient or commit any act of
gross negligence.
Slide 8
Obtain Consent
In order to help someone, we must have their consent.
 Actual consent refers to the injured person making
an informed decision. Verbal consent from the
injured person allowing treatment is all that is
required.
 Implied consent applies in a situation where the
injured person is unable to respond. The law
assumes that the injured person would give consent
if they were able.
Slide 9
First Aider’s Roles - Know Your Workplace
 Specific location names, including slang or jargon.
 Location of first aid room, first aid equipment and any
rescue equipment required.
 Entry and exit routes to all areas of the workplace.
 Emergency procedures for each area.
 Approximate number of workers usually present in each
area.
 Identify supervisors for each area, and how to contact.
 Method of summoning first aid personnel.
 Method of summoning specialized help.
Slide 10
Written Procedures (Provided by Employer)
Worksite Emergency Response Plan
 First aid services available
 The location of first aid supplies
 How to obtain first aid when needed
 How first aider will respond
 Transportation of an injured worker
 Prearranged routes in and out of the
workplace and to medical treatment.
Slide 11
First Aid Services Required
 The first aider should confirm:
• that the employer has provided all first aid equipment
and services as required by regulation
• who is responsible for stocking and ordering first aid
supplies.
• that there is a schedule for maintaining, restocking
and cleaning equipment, supplies, rescue vehicles,
and the first aid room
• that there is adequate personal protective equipment
(PPE) and MSDS information for all controlled
products.
• that there is a workplace policy for the training of
helpers to assist in an emergency.
Slide 12
First Aider Responsibilities
 Ensure that your first aid certificate remains valid.
 Remain physically and mentally capable
 Remain in charge of all treatment until injured worker:
• returns to work
• responsibility for care is transferred to:
– A place of medical treatment
– An ambulance service
– A person with equal or higher first aid certification
!!! The first aider has no authority to overrule an
injured worker’s desire to seek medical treatment.
Slide 13
First Aider Responsibilities Con’t
 Remain calm. Take charge of the scene and injured
person. Direct helpers as required.
 Maintain full confidentiality of all aspects of care of
an injured person.
 Recommend alternate work duties to a supervisor.
Relate worker limitations due to injury.
 Ensure all first aid equipment is clean and organized
for immediate use.
Slide 14
Documentation
 For all workplace injuries, the
first aid attendant must
document:
• What happened
• All assessment findings
• Record of all treatment
• Disposition of injured person
!!! The records of a first aid incident
must remain confidential.
Slide 15
Infection
An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of
the body by germs.
1. Germs always exist in the environment.
2. The germs can enter the body many ways.
3. Enough germs will overwhelm the body’s protective
mechanisms and cause an infection.
4. Infection happens more easily if the individual’s natural
defences are weak
Slide 16
How is an Infection Spread Between People?
Direct contact >
Indirect contact >
Airborne
transmission >
Vector transmission >
Slide 17
Preventing Diseases From Spreading
 Take personal precautions
• Wash hands before and after
providing care
 Wear protective equipment
• Always wear gloves
• Use pocket masks to
ventilate
• Protect eyes from fluid
 Take environmental
precautions
Slide 18
Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic
 Check
• Check the scene. Ensure safety.
• Check the injured person
– Determine level of consciousness
– Check Airway, Breathing and Circulation (ABCs)
 Call
• Make a Transport Decision
• Activate Worksite Emergency Response Plan
– Call EMS/9-1-1 if required.
 Care
• Assess and treat the injured person, dealing with life-threatening
conditions first
• Conduct ongoing ABC re-assessments
Slide 19
Check the Scene
Before helping at an emergency, check the scene:
1. Is it safe?
2. What happened? How did it happen?
3. How many ill or injured people are there?
4. Is there someone to help me?
5. Is there someone who looks unconscious?
Slide 20
Check the Person
 Approach from feet if possible. Only approach if
safe.
• Talk to the patient as you approach. Coach them to
remain still and not move their head.
 If they respond, ask “What happened? How did it
happen?”. Tell them who you are, and that you are
trained in first aid. Get consent to provide care.
 Provide c-spine support if the history indicates force
or trauma.
Slide 21
Cervical Spine Control
If a spinal injury is suspected:
• Stabilize your elbows on
the ground or your knees. Place
your hands on either side of the
patient’s head, and maintain support
until EMS arrives.
(This task should be handed off to an
assistant if possible to allow the first
aider to continue providing
assessment and care)
Slide 22
Check - Airway
► A patient must have a clear
airway for air to enter the lungs
► A conscious person has a clear
airway if they are talking clearly
► In an unconscious person, you
must open the airway and look,
listen, and feel for air movement to
determine if the airway is clear.
Slide 23
Check – Breathing - Head Tilt / Chin Lift
Open airway using Head
Tilt / Chin Lift technique.
Look, Listen and Feel for
effective breathing for 5
to10 seconds.
Have a helper maintain the
Head Tilt / Chin Lift once
the assessment has been
done.
Slide 24
Check - Circulation
For adequate circulation, the body requires a
beating heart and sufficient blood to carry oxygen
to the cells.
 A person who is breathing may be assumed to
have a beating heart.
 Check skin colour and temperature. Pale, cool
skin indicates shock.
 Conduct a Rapid Body Survey (RBS) to look
for deadly bleeding.
Slide 25
Call - Transport Decision
 Make a Transport Decision. Decide if
transportation to medical aid is required.
 Follow the written Worksite Emergency
Response Procedures.
 If the patient is being transported by
company vehicle or taxi, follow the written
procedures to arrange.
 If an ambulance is required, have the
designated person make the call. Have
helpers follow the written procedures for
meeting and directing the ambulance.
Slide 26
Care – Ongoing Assessment
 Control life-threatening conditions first. Ensure ABCs.
 Keep the patient warm.
 Monitor the ABCs every 5 minutes.
• Ensure airway remains open and clear.
• Ensure patient is breathing effectively.
• Monitor skin colour and temperature
• Monitor bandaging.
Slide 27
Instructor Demo & Practice Sessions
CHECK-CALL-CARE
Conscious (C-Spine Control)
Unconscious (Head Tilt / Chin Lift)
ROLLS
Prone to Supine
¾ Prone (Recovery)
Slide 28
Wound Care
 Recognizing basic types
 Management of muscle
of wounds
 Wound cleansing
 Dressing and
Bandaging
 The First Aid Record
 Signs and symptoms of
infection
 When to refer minor
wounds to medical care.
 Follow-up care
strains
 Application of cold
 Management of burns
 Management of eye
injuries
 Management of poisons
 Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS)
Slide 29
Assessment of a Minor Wound Patient
 Check appearance on
approach. Lie patient
down and call EMS/911
if any signs of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Airway distress
Breathing distress
Severe bleeding
Pale skin colour
Anxiety or dizziness
Unusual posture or
movement
 Hazards
• Is it safe at the incident
site? Any unsafe
conditions left behind?
 What happened?
• Was force or trauma
involved?
• Ask “Did you fall and
hit your head?”
• If so, provide c-spine
support.
 Number of patients
Slide 30
• Was anyone else hurt?
ABC assessment – Minor Wounds
 Airway assessment
• Is the person talking in a clear voice?
 Breathing assessment
• Is the person breathing normally, without difficulty?
 Circulation assessment
• Look to see if the skin colour is normal
• RBS – Hands-on assessment not required. Ask if the
person is hurt anywhere else.
Slide 31
Practice Session
Dress Minor Wound
Slide 32
First Aid Record
Slide 33
Signs of Infection
 Increased pain or tenderness
 Heat around the area
 Increased redness in the area
 Presence of pus
 Swollen lymph glands proximal
to the injury
 Red streaks extending from the
wound
To prevent infection, keep the wound clean,
and keep immunizations (Tetanus, etc.) up to
date.
Any sign of infection MUST
be referred to medical aid.
Slide 34
Wounds To Refer To Medical Aid
A wound must be referred to medical aid if:
 Wound is more than 3 cm (1 in) long
 Wound is near joints on the hands or feet
 Requires sutures, such as:
• Edges of the skin do not fall together (i.e. wound is
gaping, jagged, large flap of skin, etc)
• Flap of full thickness skin
• Gaping or difficult to close
• Wound area is under pressure
• Facial wounds
Slide 35
Wounds To Refer To Medical Aid
A wound must be referred to medical aid if:
 The wound is very dirty
 The wound is a human or animal bite.
 Wound has embedded materials
 Certain burns:
•
•
•
•
Significant partial-thickness (2nd degree) burns
All full-thickness (3rd degree) burns
Chemical burns
Electrical burns
 Any wound with signs of infection.
Slide 36
Transport by ambulance
 Any airway or breathing
 Any injury resulting in
problems
 Abnormal skin colour
 Anxiety, lightheadedness, confusion
or dizziness
 Any worker who cannot
walk unassisted
 Any worker who is in
great pain
numbness or tingling in
an extremity
 Any patient with sudden
onset of severe pain in
the spinal area
 Any patient with
weakness or numbness
in the extremities even
if not associated with
force or trauma.
Slide 37
Practice Session
Follow-up Session
&
First Aid Record
Slide 38
Musculo-Skeletal Injury (M.S.I.)
Common causes are:
 Lifting with poor posture
 Lifting a weight that is too heavy
 Twisting while holding a weight
 Repetitive motion, especially with an unfamiliar
task. (Also known as “Repetitive Stress Injury” or
“R.S.I.”)
Slide 39
M.S.I. Assessment
► Obtain an accurate history (Know the
mechanism of injury – Ask “What happened?”)
► Palpate the area to find the area of pain.
► View the area for discolouration and swelling.
► Conduct a complete Range of Motion (R.O.M.)
check to see how well the patient can move.
► Note any limitations in R.O.M.
Slide 40
Treatment of R.S.I.
► Have the patient rest in a position of comfort.
► Support the injured limb (if applicable).
► Apply cold to reduce swelling and pain.
► Refer the patient to medical aid if:
• there is severe pain in the area.
• if the pain gets worse on movement.
• if the person cannot successfully complete a full
range of motion assessment.
► Document your findings in the First Aid Record.
• Provide a patient handout if the patient is returning to
work. Discuss modified duties with the supervisor.
Slide 41
Practice Session
Back Sprain
&
Wrist Strain
Slide 42
Superficial Burns (1st Degree)
 Involve the outer layer of
skin only, resulting in
redness and pain
 Do not require medical aid
unless large areas or
sensitive areas of the body
are involved
Slide 43
Partial-Thickness Burns (2nd Degree)
 Involve the second layer of
skin, causing blisters and
pain.
 Fluid loss into the blisters
can be a complication.
 Require medical aid if
significant or in sensitive
areas.
Slide 44
Full-Thickness Burns (3rd Degree)
 Involve full thickness of skin and





underlying tissue.
May be less painful due to
damage to nerve endings.
May appear charred, or pale and
dry.
Fluid can be lost into tissue
spaces.
Have a high risk of infection.
Require immediate cooling and
urgent medical aid.
Do not try to clean a
full-thickness burn
Slide 45
Chemical Burns to the Skin
 Use Personal Protective Equipment
 Brush away dry material
 Flush for 30 minutes (by the clock)
 Dress & bandage as necessary
 Transport to medical aid
Slide 46
Penetrating Objects In The Eye
 Requires urgent medical attention
 Place the person supine and immobilize the head
 Cover BOTH eyes.
 Dress & bandage
 Provide support for any protruding object.
Slide 47
Chemical Burns To The Eye
 Require urgent medical attention.
 Flush for 30 minutes by the clock
with sterile saline/water.
 Examine eyes if possible.
 Remove any loose particles.
 Continue to flush.
 Try to identify the substance.
 Refer to the Material Safety Data
Sheet (MSDS).
Slide 48
M.S.D.S.
 Material Safety Data Sheet
 Part of the Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS)
 The best source of information for all chemicals and
controlled substances in the workplace
 Contains first aid measures for various methods of
exposure to the controlled substance.
Slide 49
Instructor Demonstration
Eye Exam
Slide 50
Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology
Nose
Mouth
Epiglottis
Trachea
Lungs
Bronchi
Alveoli
Slide 51
Airway Blockages
 A mild airway obstruction occurs
when the airway is partially
blocked, reducing the flow of air to
the lungs
Blockage
 A severe airway obstruction
occurs when the airway is totally
blocked, stopping air from reaching
the lungs
If the person can speak, cough,
or breathe, it is mild choking.
Slide 52
The Chain Of Survival
A series of steps aimed at reducing death and
disability due to cardiac or respiratory arrest.
 Early recognition of warning signs
 Early access to emergency care
 Early CPR
 Early defibrillation (AED)
 Early advanced care
Slide53
No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die
Without oxygen, brain cells begin to
die in 4 to 6 minutes.
0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will
soon stop beating. Clinical death.
4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible.
6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely.
10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage
certain. Biological death.
Slide 54
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
 Stops all electrical activity
in the heart if certain
heart rhythms are
detected
 Allows the heart to regain
its normal pumping
action.
There are many models of
AEDs on the market.
Slide 55
Differences in AED models:
 Operational controls and lay-out.
 Programming may be different
 Visual and audio capabilities
 Battery replacement schedule and method
 On-board data collection method
If an AED is supplied in the workplace, First Aiders
must receive training in that specific model.
Slide 56
AED kit contents
 Protective case.
 Weatherproof case if AED will be exposed to the
elements.
 A heated case may be required in very cold
environments.
 Extra, unexpired unused battery
 2 sets of AED pad electrodes
 Disposable razor
 Towel or cloth
 Scissors
 Instructions or user manual
Slide 57
Things to Consider
 Safe for pregnant patients.
 Fully expose the patient’s chest.
 Carefully remove medication patches.
 Place pads 1” away from pacemakers or inplanted
defibrillators.
 Ensure AED pad electrodes are well applied to
chest.
 Shave pad area if chest is very hairy.
 Wipe chest with towel or cloth if wet.
 Move if patient or first aider is in a puddle of water.
Slide 56
Practice Sessions & Demonstrations
Conscious – Partial Airway Obstruction
Conscious – Complete Airway Obstruction
Pocket mask
CPR & AED
Unresponsive Obstructed Airway
Slide 59
Shock
 Blood transports oxygen and nutrients to the body
cells and removes waste.
 If anything interferes with this transportation
system and the oxygen supply is cut off, the cells
will die.
 This state of oxygen starvation is known as shock.
 Shock is progressive and may become
irreversible.
 Someone in shock requires urgent medical aid.
 Recognizing shock early is one of the First Aider’s
most important functions.
Slide 60
Shock
Signs & Symptoms:
•
The skin is pale and cool,
with a history of major
external bleeding or
internal injury
•
The skin is pale, cool, and
clammy
Slide 61
Treatment of Shock
1. Call EMS / 911.
2. Stop any external bleeding.
3. Avoid any unnecessary
movement of the person.
4. Protect the person from the
elements.
5. Keep the person comfortably
warm.
6. Give nothing to drink.
7. Monitor ABCs.
Slide 62
“3 Ps” of Deadly Bleeding Control
Position of the person
• Lying down if possible.
Position of the injured limb
• Elevate above the heart if
injuries allow.
Pressure
• Applied directly over the wound
after exposing.
• Apply dressings and bandage
to hold pressure.
• Recheck during ABC
reassessments.
Slide 63
Practice Sessions & Demonstrations
 Internal Bleeding
 C-spine control for sitting patient
 (moving to supine position)
 Loop Tie
 Pressure Dressing
 External Deadly Bleeding
 Additional bandages for bleed-throughs
Slide 64
The “5 Rights” of Medication
Before assisting a person with their
medications, ensure the “5 Rights”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Right PERSON
Right MEDICATION
Right AMOUNT
Right TIME
Right METHOD
Slide 65
Asthma
During an asthma attack, a person may:
 Have shortness of breath, often mild to start, getting worse, and
accompanied by wheezing sounds when they exhale.
 Be gasping for air and be anxious.
 Have tightness in the chest and be unable to catch their breath.
 Feel tingling in the hands and feet.
Normal Airway
Narrowed Airway
E.g., Asthma
Slide 66
Allergies/Anaphylaxis
Allergies are
sensitivities to specific
substances.
Anaphylaxis is a severe
allergic reaction.
What to look for:
 Shortness of breath & wheezing
 A feeling that the throat is
swelling shut
 Red, blotchy hives and itching
 Puffy lips
 Nausea and vomiting
 Dizziness
 Unconsciousness
Slide 67
Chest Pain
Chest pain may indicate
heart problems caused by
a partial or complete
obstruction of one or more
of the arteries that provide
oxygen to the heart
muscle.
Slide 68
First Aid – Chest Pain
1. Have the person rest in the position of comfort.
2. Loosen any constrictive clothing.
3. Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If they have,
do not allow them to take nitroglycerin.
4. Help the person take their nitroglycerin.
• Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum).
• If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if rest and the first dose of
nitroglycerin doesn’t make the pain go away, call EMS/911 right
away.
5. If not allergic, the patient may also have two 80 milligram children’s
ASA or one 325 milligram adult ASA, either of which must be
chewed. They will not help the pain, but will improve blood flow to
the heart muscle.
Slide 69
Signs & Symptoms of Heart Attack
 Squeezing chest pain
 Difficulty breathing
 Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women)
 Cold, sweaty skin
 Skin that is bluish or paler than normal
 Nausea and vomiting
 Denial
Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.
Slide 70
Stroke
A stroke is sudden brain damage caused by
inadequate blood flow to the brain.
Causes:
 A clot in an artery to the brain
 An artery that ruptures in the brain
 A tumour
A severe stroke may cause death or an impairment of
certain body functions, such as paralysis.
Slide 71
Signs and Symptoms of Stroke
 Signs & Symptoms include:
• change in mental ability, decreased level of
consciousness
• sudden weakness or paralysis of face, arm or leg,
usually on one side of the body
• drooping mouth and/or eyelids
• Difficulty speaking or understanding
• sudden severe headache
• seizures
• nausea and/or vomiting
Slide 72
Diabetic Emergencies
Diabetes is a disease which affects the body’s ability to
regulate its level of blood sugar.
 If conscious:
Give sugar.
 If unconscious: Ensure ABCs. Place in the ¾ prone
position to protect the airway. Call EMS/911.
If the person is unconscious, do not put anything in their
mouth.
Slide 73
Seizures
A seizure is a temporary alteration in brain function that
may produce a physical convulsion, minor physical
signs, thought disturbances, or a combination of signs
and symptoms.
Seizures can be caused by:
 Head injuries
 Fever
 Certain medical conditions,
such as epilepsy
 Poisons (including drugs)
 Drug or alcohol withdrawal
► Heat stroke
► Certain video games or
other visual stimulation
that involves flashes
► Infection
Slide 74
First Aid – Seizures
During the seizure:
 Protect the person from injury by moving furniture
and other objects.
 Stay clear if the person is flailing or moving
violently.
After the seizure:
 Attempt to position the [person in the ¾ prone
position to drain fluids from the airway.
 Monitor the ABCs every 5 minutes
 Keep the person warm and treat for shock.
Slide 75
Fainting
Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness not usually
associated with trauma.
 People may faint for a wide variety of reasons, but it
is usually of a short duration and the person
becomes responsive quickly.
 Signs and symptoms of fainting include:
• A loss of consciousness usually for a brief period
• The person may feel weak, and/or dizzy
 Allowing them to sit or stand up too soon may result
in the person fainting again. Keep them lying down.
Slide 76