Transcript England Challenges Spain!

England Challenges Spain!
The first threat to Spain was the
English “Sea Dogs” or Privateers.
(Pirates)
1560’s – John Hawkins
• – 1st famous English Sea dog
• Raided Spanish seaports and ships
1577 – Francis Drake
• Attacked ships along Peru’s coast, then
continued to circumnavigate the globe and
returned a hero. Queen Elizabeth I crowned
Drake a knight.
1588 – The English pirates angered
Philip II of Spain.
• He assembled the Spanish Armada to
conquer England. (Strongest Navy of the
time)
• Attacked England, but the skill of the English
sailors and the help of a strong storm, the
smaller, more maneuverable English ships
defeated the Spanish Armada changing the
course of History forever!
As Spain sank, England rose and held the title of
“Mistress of the Seas.” By the late 1500’s, there was
no stopping England’s desire to colonize the New
World.
• Although Spain declined as a World
power, they did leave a rich heritage
behind:
Roman Catholicism, Spanish language,
and concentrated land owners.
England and the New World
• 1585 – After 2 unsuccessful
attempts to colonize in the
New World, Sir Walter Raleigh
sent a group of 100 men to
Roanoke Island of the coast of
North Carolina.
• It failed due to hunger and bad
relations with the Native
Americans.
• All but 15 men went back to
England.
1587 - Raleigh sent colonists a second
time.
• The 15 men that had stayed
behind the 1st time had been
killed by then.
• John White was appointed the
colony’s governor.
• This time, the colonist brought
their wives and children.
• John White’s granddaughter,
Virginia Dare was born on
August 18, 1587, One month
after they arrived in the New
World
• Virginia Dare became the first
English baby born in the New
World.
1588 – White returned to England for
supplies and more people.
• 117 settlers remained in
Roanoke
• Spain attacked England that
same year, preventing White
from returning to Roanoke
until 1590.
• Upon arriving back in
Roanoke, there was no sign
of the colony. The only
evidence was the word
Croatoan carved into a tree.
• Croatoan was the name of a
nearby island as well as the
name of the Native
Americans living in the area.
Roanoke became known as the
“Lost colony”, still a mystery
today.
1606 - English King James I gave a
single charter to two groups.
• Charter: official grant of certain rights, powers, or
privileges to a certain person or company.
• Virginia Company of London (London Company)
• The Plymouth Company
Both groups were Joint Stock Companies: People bought shares
to finance the trip and the profit was shared.
The Charter gave the people the same rights as English citizens,
among which were the rights set forth by the English Magna
Carta in 1215.
I. The Virginia Company of London:
• 1606: 140 Men
(12 workers, 128
gentlemen, 0
farmers) set sail to
America aboard
three ships:
• Susan Constant
• Godspeed
• Discovery
• 105 survived the trip across the Atlantic
• Landed in present day Virginia, 35 miles up the James
River.
• Called the settlement … Jamestown!
• Great location for protection, but bad because it was a
marsh full of malaria carrying Mosquitoes.
• By the end of summer, only 32 men were alive.
• Most started searching for gold rather than working to
survive.
A practical minded soldier named John
Smith appointed himself leader
• Smith orders the men
to:
– Build shelters
– Dig wells
– Cut clearings
– Plant crops
– Stock firewood
Smith had one rule: “No work, No food!”
• Native Americans helped Jamestown too.
Chief Powhatan supplied bread and corn.
• When they didn’t help, the settlers helped
themselves which lead to the capture of Smith
and the legend of Pocahontas saving him.
1609 – Smith returns to England and 400
settlers lived in Jamestown.
Winter of 1609 -1610:
The Starving Time
• With Smith gone, Powhatan decides to “cutoff” the settlers
• Supplies run out and the men started to eat
whatever they could.
• By spring, only 60 men are alive.
• They decide to leave but are met by Lord
(Baron) Thomas De La Warr
• De La Warr brings supplies and people. Many
of the new arrivals are females and the rest
are from the working class.
• De La Warr becomes the new Governor of
Jamestown.
• Settlements begin to spread up the James
River and the area becomes known as
Virginia.
1612 – John Rolfe
• Rolfe introduces
Caribbean
tobacco to the
Virginia Colony,
it becomes the
CASH CROP.
• Tobacco saves
Jamestown and
the Virginia
colony! (Gold growing
from the ground!”)
• Jamestown
becomes the
first permanent
English Colony!!!
Rolfe marries Pocahontas in 1614
1618 – Head right System is set up.
• Any man paying his way to Virginia gets 50 acres of
land
• Indentures Servants are brought to Virginia, many from
Africa.
• In return for passage, servant agrees to work for 7
years then gains freedom and land
Representative Government
• 1619 – The Virginia Company of London gave the
colonists of Virginia the right to elect
representatives to a colonial legislature called the
HOUSE of BURGESSES. (2 men from each
settlement)
• First law making body in the New World
• Representative Government, meaning the people
vote.
England is in the New World to stay!
• 1624 – Virginia company goes bankrupt, King
takes it over and makes it a Royal Colony with
over 1200 settlers and a flourishing tobacco
crop.
II. The Plymouth Colony
Early 1600’s
• A group of Separatists leave England for the
Netherlands. (Known as Pilgrims)
Separatist: English subjects that didn’t follow the
Anglican Church. (opposed by the English
Government)
• Missed their English way of life and thought their
children were more Dutch than English.
• Returned to England to ask for a charter to the New
World where they could worship freely.
• Charter was given to start a colony in Virginia.
1620
• 102 Men, women and children board two
ships in Plymouth, England to set sail for the
New World.
• Mayflower
• Speedwell
• Speedwell began sinking and all boarded the
Mayflower
• Landed in Cape Cod in November, 1620, far
from their mark of the Hudson River.
• Charter was invalid, outside the boundary,
decided to stay anyway.
Called the new colony, Plymouth
Before going ashore, a new framework of
governing was written for both the Pilgrims
and non-pilgrims.
“IN THE name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the
loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of
God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith,
etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the
Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the
first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents
solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one of another,
covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our
better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid;
and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal
laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as
shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the
colony, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.
In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at CapeCod the 11 of November, in the year of the reign of our sovereign lord,
King James, of England, France, and Ireland the eighteenth, and of
Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domine 1620.”
November 11, 1620
• Mayflower
Compact was
written by the 41
male passengers
• Pledged to unite
into a single body
politic and have
“just and equal
laws for the good
of the colony.”
The Plymouth Colony
• Started under the leadership of Myles Standish
• First winter was harsh and many died
• Help from Native Americans came in the spring
- Samoset introduced the
Pilgrims to Massasoit, a
local chief
- Squanto – knew English
and taught the Pilgrims
how to farm and what to
plant. Also taught them
how to catch eels.
1621
• Late October or early November, Pilgrims held
the first Thanksgiving. (lasted 3 days)
1621 – 1657
• William Bradford was elected Governor
• Plymouth was another example of English selfgovernment
• Plymouth was also the first colony to establish
Religious Freedom or Tolerance
The End!