PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction

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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

Basic Chemistry

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life



Organic compounds



Contain carbon

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Most are covalently bonded

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Example: C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose)

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Inorganic compounds

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Lack carbon



Tend to be simpler compounds

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Example: H 2 O (water)

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Exceptions are C02 and CO

Important Inorganic Compounds

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Water

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Most abundant inorganic compound

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Makes up about 70% of body

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Vital properties

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High heat capacity

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Polarity/solvent properties

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Chemical reactivity

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Cushioning

Important Inorganic Compounds

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Salts

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Easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water

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Vital to many body functions

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Include electrolytes which conduct electrical currents

Dissociation of a Salt in Water

Figure 2.11

Important Inorganic Compounds

Acids



Taste Sour

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Release hydrogen ions (H + )

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Are proton donors Bases

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Taste Sweet

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Release hydroxyl ions (OH – )

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Are proton acceptors Neutralization reaction Acids and bases react to form water and a salt

pH

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Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions

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pH 7 = neutral

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pH below 7 = acidic

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pH above 7 = basic

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Buffers —chemicals that can regulate pH change

Figure 2.12

Important Organic Compounds

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Carbohydrates

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Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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Include sugars and starches

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Primary source of energy

Important Inorganic Compounds

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Carbohydrates

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Classified according to size

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Monosaccharides —simple sugars

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Glucose, fructose

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Disaccharides —two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

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Sucrose, lactose, maltose

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Polysaccharides —long-branching chains of linked simple sugars

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Starch and glycogen

Carbohydrates

PLAY Disaccharides

Figure 2.13a

–b

Carbohydrates

PLAY Polysaccharides

Figure 2.13c

Carbohydrates

Figure 2.14

Important Organic Compounds

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Lipids

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Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

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Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

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Insoluble in water

Important Organic Compounds

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Functions of Lipids

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Energy

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Make up cell membrane

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Dissolve fat soluble vitamins

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Protects organs

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Insulates body and nerves

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Regulates many body functions

Lipids

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Common lipids in the human body

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Neutral fats (triglycerides)

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Found in fat deposits

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Composed of fatty acids and glycerol

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Source of stored energy PLAY Lipids

Lipids

Figure 2.15a

Types of Triglycerides

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Saturated

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Only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms

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Form strait chains

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Solid at room temperature

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Unsaturated

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Contain double bonds between carbon atoms

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Form kinked chains

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Liquid at room temperature

Lipids

Figure 2.15b

Lipids

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Trans Fats

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Common in margarines and baked products

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Oils that have been solidified by adding hydrogen at certain sites of double carbon chains

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Increase risk of heart disease even more than saturated fats

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Omega 3 Fatty Acids

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Found naturally in cold water fish

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“heart healthy”

Lipids

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Common lipids in the human body (continued)

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Phospholipids

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Form cell membranes

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Steroids

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Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones

Lipids

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Cholesterol

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The basis for all steroids made in the body

Figure 2.15c

Important Organic Substances

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Blood lipoprotein

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Cholesterol can only travel in blood after it has attached to a lipoprotein

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Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

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“bad” cholesterol that causes arteriosclerosis

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High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

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“good” cholesterol

Important Organic Substances

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Protaglandins

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“tissue hormones”

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During injury, cyclooxygenase is released

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It reacts with prostaglandins to produce swelling, redness and pain

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Aspirin blocks enzyme so it can’t react with prostaglandins and cause these symptoms

Important Organic Compounds

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Proteins

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Made of amino acids

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Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Figure 2.16

Proteins

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Account for over half of the body’s organic matter

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Provide for construction materials for body tissues

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Play a vital role in cell function

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Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

Proteins

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Amino acid structure

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Contain an amine group (NH 2 )

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Contain an acid group (COOH)

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Vary only by R groups

Proteins

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Fibrous proteins

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Also known as structural proteins

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Appear in body structures

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Examples include collagen and keratin

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Stable

Figure 2.17a

Proteins

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Globular proteins

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Also known as functional proteins

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Function as antibodies or enzymes

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Can be denatured

Figure 2.17b

Amino Acids and Perms

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First solution of a perm breaks down peptide bonds between amino acids and causes them to form in another pattern

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Second solution, the neutralizer, causes the bridges to form in a new configuration

Enzymes

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Act as biological catalysts

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Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Figure 2.18a

Enzymes

PLAY Chemistry of Life ® Enzymes Animation

Figure 2.18b

Enzymes- Lock and Key Method

•

Do not get used up in reaction

•

Usually recognized by suffix -ase

Important Organic Compounds

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Nucleic Acids

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Provide blueprint of life

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Nucleotide bases

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A = Adenine

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G = Guanine

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C = Cytosine

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T = Thymine

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U = Uracil

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Make DNA and RNA

Figure 2.19a

Nucleic Acids

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

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Replicates before cell division

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Provides instructions for every protein in the body

Figure 2.19c

Important Organic Compounds

DNA

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Genetic material in nucleus Double helix shape

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Bases ATCG RNA

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Found outside nucleus

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Single stranded

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Bases AUCG

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Carries genetic code from DNA to protein synthesis

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3 types, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Important Organic Compounds

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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Chemical energy used by all cells

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Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond

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ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Figure 2.20a

Membrane protein P P ATP Solute Solute transported (a) Transport work Relaxed muscle cell Contracted muscle cell (b) Mechanical work P X P + Y X Y Reactants Product made (c) Chemical work Energy liberated during oxidation of food fuels used to regenerate ATP ADP + P

Figure 2.21

Membrane protein P Solute (a) Transport work ATP

Figure 2.21, step 1

Membrane protein P P ATP Solute Solute transported (a) Transport work ADP + P

Figure 2.21, step 2

ATP Relaxed muscle cell (b) Mechanical work

Figure 2.21, step 3

ATP Relaxed muscle cell Contracted muscle cell (b) Mechanical work ADP + P

Figure 2.21, step 4

ATP X P + Y Reactants (c) Chemical work

Figure 2.21, step 5

ATP P X P + Y X Y Reactants Product made (c) Chemical work ADP + P

Figure 2.21, step 6

Membrane protein P P ATP Solute Solute transported (a) Transport work Relaxed muscle cell Contracted muscle cell (b) Mechanical work P X P + Y X Y Reactants Product made (c) Chemical work ADP + P

Figure 2.21, step 7

Figure 2.21, step 8