Transcript Rulers, Families, and Politics

Rulers, Families, and
Politics
ca 1450 – 1700
Italy
• City-States
• Struggles between HRE, Papacy and
merchants contributed to independence
• Medici: Ruled Grand Duchy of Tuscany
(Florence being the main city)
– Giovanni (founder of Medici dynasty):
Florence $$$
– Cosimo: Unofficial ruler of Florence
– Lorenzo: Pope
– 2 Popes, many cardinals, 2 French queens
• Main places:
– Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Republic of
Florence)
– Republic Genoa
– Duchy of Milan
– Papal States
– Naples (Kingdom of the two Sicilies)
– Venetian Republic
• 1494 Charles VIII (France) invaded
Italy to take Naples – succeeded but
couldn’t hold on
• 1498 Louis XII (France) took Milan
– he was great grandson of the Duke
of Milan
–Spain helped
–French-Spanish alliance faltered and
Spain kicked France out of Milan
• 1508 a similar occurrence happened
in Venice
• This continued for a long time!
• England was occasionally involved
France
• Hundred Years War between
France and England eroded
nobility
• Kings grew stronger
• Commerce brought $
• National army under king formed
• Francis Valois
–Rival to HRE Charles V
–Passed taille (direct tax on property)
–Concordat of Bologna Pope collect
annates (1st year revenue from church)
and French king had power to
nominate high officials in church thus
nationalizing the French church
• Henry II Valois persecute Huguenots
• Catherine Medici and controlled
Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry
III
–St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Catholic mobs slaughtered
Huguenots
• France divided between Valois,
Bourbon, and Guise as well as
Catholic and Huguenot
• Henry IV (Navarre) Bourbon united
Huguenots
– Converted to Catholicism to finish reuniting
France
– “Paris is worth a mass”
– Edict of Nantes – guaranteed religious and
civil freedom to Huguenots
– Tax system restructured to increase
prosperity (Duke of Sully = finance minister
did this)
• Henry died and corruption set in
• Louis XIII Bourbon took over
– Cardinal Richelieu was prime minister
– Richelieu centralized gov’t and encouraged
commerce
– Intendant system= bourgeoisie officials
answerable only to king supervised
provinces
• Louis XIV (Sun King) Bourbon
– Mother regent (Louis was 4 when VIII
died)
– Italian Cardinal Mazarin was prime
minister
–Wars of the Fronde (nobles trying to
limit the power of monarch – they
failed)
–1661 Louis XIV declred himself prime
minister “L’Etat c’est moi”
–Bishop Jacques Bossuet provided divine
right philosophy
–Louis ruled over the French Golden Age
• France strongest and most cultured
• French foreign policy
–War of Devolution (1667-1668) –
unsuccessful attempt at seizing Spanish
Netherlands (Belgium)
–Tried to expand border to Rhine river –
failed
–Seizure of Luxemburg and attempt to
take Alsace-Lorraine – largely
countered by League of Augsburg
(Alliance between HRE, Holland,
Spain, & England)
–War of the Spanish Succession
(1702-1714) – Bourbons tried to
gain control of Spain upsetting the
Balance of Power – he was opposed
by the Grand Alliance (major states
of West Europe)
• Treaty of Utrecht settled the dispute –
France and Spain forbidden from
being ruled by same monarch
England
• Henry VII Tudor won War of the
Roses
–Related to both houses (Lancaster
and York)
–Owed elevation to monarch to
Parliament
–Regulated trade and raised revenues
from middle class
• Henry VIII Tudor
– Impetuous, extravagant, passionate, short
tempered, ambitious
– 6 Wives
– Anglican Church
– Worked with Parliament
• Edward VI Tudor (10 when dad died)
– Duke of Somerset regent (Calvinist and
removed)
– Another regent made Anglican Book of
Common Prayer official
–Edward died at age 16
• Mary Tudor (1553-1558)
–Catholic and married to Philip II of
Spain
–English hated the Spanish
–Bloody Mary was her nickname
(executed protestants)
• Elizabeth I Tudor (The Virgin Queen)
– Last Tudor monarch
– Power balanced between Parliament and
monarch
– Edge of Religious upheaval
– Wealth from arable land and excellence in
trade
– Gentry (lesser nobles) mingle with middle
class and became powerful through
commerce
–Never married (hence Virgin Queen)
–Highly intelligent
–The Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) defined
Anglicanism and pleased everyone but
the Puritans
–Allied with the Dutch against Spain
–Privateers sent to prey on Spanish ships
in the New World
–Spain conspired to put Mary Stuart on
Eng throne (Eliz executed her)
–Spain declared war on England
–England defeated the Spanish Armada
–Golden Age of English literature
• Shakespeare
• Marlowe
• Bacon
• Donne
• Spenser
–Eliz died without heir
• James I Stuart (1603-1625)
– Believed in Divine Right and angered
Parliament
– He angered the Puritans
– Gunpowder Plot (1605) led by Guy Fawkes
failed to blow up James
• James I – James II was period of English
Civil War
– James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell,
Charles II, James II
Spain
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of
Aragon unite (1479-1504)
–Created Spain
–Catholics
–Reconquista – Kick out Jews and
Muslims
• Following this, rulers invested in New
World exploration
–This brought massive wealth
–Navy strongest in world
–Colonies split with Portugal
• Charles V Hapsburg took over Spain
–Ruled HRE, Italian provinces, Spain,
and New World
–Chose to have 2 heirs
–Ferdinand Hapsburg received HRE and
other European holdings
–Philip II received Spain and New World
holdings
• Philip II Hapsburg (1556-1598)
–Married Mary I of England
–Deeply religious (Catholic)
–Laughed only once: when he heard of
St Barth Day Massacre
–Devoted energy to making Europe
Catholic again
–Philip, not the pope, led attacks on
Protestants
–Portugal annexed by Spain in 1580
–Led Catholic Crusade in Low Countries
–Involved in 30 Yrs War and Netherlands
Revolt
–Lost Armada and Naval might to
England
–After Philip II, Spain never recovered
from financial drain of Crusades and
loss of overseas trade dominance
• Philip III – Carlos II Hapsburg
–Largely uneventful
• War of the Spanish Succession
–Carlos II died without heir
–Lineage connected Bourbons and
Hapsburgs equally