Transcript Slide 1

Science Skill: Observing
 Observing:
Using your five senses to
find out what’s going on around you.
 What are your five senses?
 What kind of tools can you use to
observe something of a smaller size?
 What is the difference between an
observation and an inference?
 DEMONSTRATION
Classifying Data
 Data:
the information your collect
when you observe something
 Why is it important to classify
things?
 Activity: Classifying Can Tabs
Modeling and Simulating
 Model:
A way to show what a very
small or a very large object looks
like.
 Simulation: A kind of model that
shows a process
– What kind of simulations can you do on
a computer?
– Movie Clip: Apollo 13
LAB
Introduction and Safety
ORDER for LAB NOTEBOOK
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pg 1 = safety rules
Pg 2 = first aid in the chemistry lab
Pg 3 = lab write-up format
Pg 4 & 5 = drawing of equipment,
labeled with uses for equipment
given
SAFETY FIRST
"I didn't mean to"
and
"It wasn't my fault“
are two statements that have no place in the lab. If
someone is hurt or equipment is broken, these statements
cannot undo the harm.
LAB REPORTS
1. TITLE = 5 Points
~ has to be a question
2. PURPOSE = 5 Points
~state the purpose of the lab
3. HYPOTHESIS = 10 Point
~what you think will happen (related to the purpose)
4. MATERIALS = 10 Points
~all materials used in lab
5. PROCEDURES = 20 Points
~a numbered list of all steps taken
6. RESULTS =25 Points
~ graph or table
7. CONCLUSIONS = 25 Points (Questions and Applications)
~ statement of whether hypothesis was right or wrong
SAFETY TEST ANSWERS
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. D
14. B
15. C
16. D
17. C
18. C
19. B
20. B
21. B
22. A
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
A
D
A
A
C
C
B
C
C
D
B
1. State the problem
2. Form a hypothesis
3. Experiment--test the hypothesis
4. Observe and Analyze data
5. Draw conclusions which will either
support or not support the hypothesis
and set what will need to be done next.
The problem: asks why you are performing the
test and what you want to find out.
The hypothesis: a possible explanation for the problem.
The experiment: tests the effect of one thing on
another using controlled conditions.
A variable: a quantity that can have more than one
value.
The dependent variable: changes according to how
the other variables change; it is plotted graphically
on the y-axis (goes up and down).
The independent variable: the variable changed by
the experimenter.
The constant: the factor that remains the same/does
not change in the experiment.
The control: the part of the experiment that does
not receive any variable to make sure that any
results you see are because of the independent
variable being changed.
The observation: using the senses to gather
important information about the experiment.
Bias: expectations of the scientists that change
the outcome of the experiment.
The Scientific Method
Variable Problem
An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of caffeine on the heartbeat
of water fleas. Two populations of water fleas were cultured. Both populations
had water with the same mineral content, were supplied with identical
amounts of bacteria as food, received the same amount of light, and had their
temperature maintained at 20ºC. Every two hours, water fleas from both
populations were selected and their heartbeats were monitored. The fleas of
population one had caffeine administered five minutes before their heartbeat
was checked. The fleas of population two were given nothing.
a. independent variable
c. constant
b. dependent variable
d. control
1. What part of the experiment was the food?
2. What part of the experiment was the heartbeat?
3. What part of the experiment was the water temperature?
4. What part of the experiment was population two?
5. What part of the experiment was the caffeine?
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
Observing and Comparing
Modeling and Simulating
Analyzing Data
Measuring
Classifying Data
Communicating Results
Making Predictions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
You make a circle graph that shows the favorite subjects of
the students in your class.
You determine how many kilometers it is from your house
to the shopping mall.
You think the girls’ basketball team will win tonight’s game
since they have won all their other games.
You separate your laundry into piles according to color.
You smell smoke.
You build a replica of the Mayflower.
You draw a map of the rooms in your house.
You obtain 3 cups of flour to bake some bread.
You explain how to solve a math problem to a friend.
You organize a pile of beads into groups of different sizes.
Examples of the scientific method
 Fat
Mice/ Skinny Mice
 The
Case of the Sleeping Frog
 Two
Plants
 Designing
Your Own experiment:
– Alka-Seltzer Lab or Thirsty Towels
Some other important terms to know:
theory: an explanation of things or events based on
knowledge gained from many observations and
investigations.
•scientific law: a statement about what happens in
nature that seems to be true all the time; it predicts
behavior you would expect.
Distinguishing between Science
and Technology
 Science:
a process of inquiry that
searches for relationships that
explain and predict the physical,
living, and designed world
 Technology: the application of
scientific discoveries to help people
through the development of products
and processes
Science
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Identifies a problemasks a question
Researches related
information
Designs an experiment
or investigation
Conducts experimentsrepeated trials
Analyzes the results
Evaluates conclusionhypothesis supported or
not
Communicates the
findings
Technology
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Identifies a problem or
a need
Researches related
information
Designs a process /
product
Implements process/
product-repeated tests
Analyzes the results
Evaluate process/
product- did it meet
criteria?
Communicates the
product
You Decide: Technological
Development or Scientific
Investigation?
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Development of triple layered solar cells that
supply more energy to the Mars rover.
Determination of the distribution and composition
of the rock and soil surrounding the Mars
Exploration landing site.
Search for geological clues to the environmental
conditions that existed when water was present
on Mars.
New path planning software that allows the Mars
Rover to avoid rocks and other barriers.
Activity: Float the Boat
Can you answer this?

If the pencil is 63 dafts long and 3
riles wide, how many pencils could
fit into a 45 hart box?
Standards of Measurement
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Standard: an exact quantity that
people agree to use for comparison.
Why would it be helpful for
scientists to have standards of
measurement?
Precision and Accuracy
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Accuracy refers to how correct a
measurement is
Precision is the measure of the
degree to which measurements
made in the same way agree with
one another
Note: It is possible to have a high
degree of precision and have poor
accuracy!
III. PRECISION VS ACCURACY
a. precision: degree of exactness
b. accuracy: extent to true value
3
1
1. Neither
Precise nor
Accurate
2
2. Precise
but not
Accurate
3.
Accurate
but not
Precise.
4.
4
Accurate
and
Precise.
SI Units
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SI: stands for the French “Le
Systeme Internationale d’Unites”. In
English it is said international
system of measurement.
Why do we use SI units instead of
English Units?

Based on units of ten so it is easy to
convert between different prefix
measurements.
SI Units
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Length:
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Mass:
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Kelvin
Time:
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Gram
Temperature:
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Meter
Second
Volume:
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Liter
Converting Between SI Units
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SI Units are easy to convert since
they are in multiples of 10.
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KiloHectoDecaBase
DeciCentiMilli-
Tip to Remember…
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To help with unit conversions, just
remember the phrase: “King Henry
Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk”
If a unit has only one letter, it is a
base unit (m, L, g)
Can also use dimensional analysis
(conversion factors)
Conversion of Units
Convert: changing one unit of measure
into a different unit of measure that
represents the same amount
1. time, length, mass
2. Dimes to dollars / dollars to dimes
3. 365 days to seconds
4. WKSHT
Section 4 - Measurements
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The SI unit of length is the meter
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Always be sure to measure objects using the
metric (centimeter) side of a ruler or meter stick.
Be sure to place the zero mark on the ruler at one
end of the object, and read the reading off of the
other end of the ruler.
Area
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Area: The amount of space an object takes
up.
Area = length x width
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The unit of area is either cm2 or m2 (depending on
the units you are multiplying)
What is the area of a rectangle that is 5cm
wide and 10cm long?
Mass
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Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
The mass of an object can be found using a
balance.
Volume
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Volume is the amount of space something
takes up.
The unit of volume is the liter (L)
Liquid volume can be found using a
graduated cylinder.
To find the volume of a solid, multiply its
length x width x height (units will be cm3 or m3
depending on the units you used to measure)
Volume of Irregular Objects
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Displacement: the replacement or pushing
aside of a volume of water, or any fluid, by an
object
When an object is shaped irregularly
(meaning you can’t measure it’s length, width
or height using a meter stick), you can find
the volume of that object using displacement
Steps for Finding Volume of an
Irregularly Shaped Object
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pour water into a graduated cylinder
marked to show volume.
Record the volume of water.
Carefully place object in container of water.
Record the new reading.
The volume of the object is equal to the
difference in the two volume readings.
Density
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Density is the mass per unit volume of a
substance.
Density = Mass / Volume
Density is a physical property of matter.
What is the density of an object with a mass
of 15g and a volume of 3 cm3 ?
Derived Units
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We have now talked about three types of
derived units?
Can you guess what they are?
Why would we call these derived units?
Temperature
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The temperature is how hot or cold an object
it.
The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin (K)
In labs, we will use the metric unit Celcius (C)
to determine temperature.
The temperature of an object can be found
by using a thermometer.
Graph: a visual display of information or data.
Types of graphs:
•Line graph: shows a change over time; dependent
variable on the y-axis; independent variable on the
x-axis
•bar graph: useful for comparing information
collected by counting
•circle or pie graph: used to show how a fixed
quantity is broken down into parts or percentages;
•pictograph: compares quantities using pictures to
represent relative amounts; no example in book
When Graphing, be sure to:
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Title your graph
Label each axis with the name of the variable
and the appropriate unit of measure
The intervals on each axis should be marked
in equal increments
Remember DRY MIX
Activity: Organizing Data
1. One day Bob wanted to see how many people in all his
classes had orange eyes, purple eyes, and red eyes.
So he took a survey and came up with the following; in
his 1st period class there were 12 people with orange
eyes, 5 people with purple eyes, and 3 people with red
eyes. In his 2nd period class, there were 15 people with
orange eyes, 8 people with purple eyes, and 6 people
with red eyes. In his third period class there were 6
people with orange eyes, 8 people with purple eyes, and
2 people with red. In his last class, there were 2 people
with orange eyes, 0 people with purple eyes, and 13
people with red eyes.
2. Jane wanted to see if she could find a pattern
in the weather so she made a table to track
the following : the temperature, the dew point,
and relative humidity. The first day it was 65
F, the dew point was 54, and the R.H. was
45%. The second day the temperature was
70 F, the dew point was 69, and the R.H. was
98%. On the third and final day the dew point
was 30, the relative humidity was 50% and the
temperature was 59.
3. Bob and Jane both were walking through on their farm
when they had an idea. To help keep track of the
animals they wanted to create a graph. They have
chickens, hogs, dogs, and cows. They started off with
25 chickens, 30 hogs, 7 dogs and 50 head of cattle. The
first week 5 chicks were hatched, 7 hogs sent to the
butcher, and 2 calves were born. In the second week 10
piglets were born, 6 chickens went to the butcher, and 1
dog ran away. In the third week 8 puppies were born, 3
calves were born, 2 chicks hatched, and 12 head of
cattle were sent to the butcher.