Module 7: HTML
1. What is HTML?
2. Basic syntax, document structure 3. Basic formatting, images, links 4. Lists, table, and forms Read these slides together with the example file 1 CP102 Module 7: HTML
What is HTML
What is HTML?
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is an Markup Language for marking up WWW documents Markup: tags are used to indicate the formatting, layout and some features of documents. Markup does not show up in the display HTML allows user to Publish documents to the Internet in a format not dependent on platform Present text, graphics and multimedia data Create links pointing to other WWW documents
CP102 Module 7: HTML
2
The development of HTML
HTML was originally developed by Tim Berners-Lee 1990, and had gone through a sequence of versions. HTML2.0, 1995 => HTML3.2, 1997 HTML 4.0, 1997=>HTML 4.01, in 1999 HTML4.01
XHTML1.0, 2000 => XML (eXtensible Markup Language) XML is a more extended than HTML. It enables designers to create their own tags, structures to indicate specific information. XHTML is a special case of XML The development is guided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
CP102 Module 7: HTML
3
Standard HTML document structure
…… ..………………….
The whole document must have as its root A document consists of a head and a body The
tag is used to give the document a title, which is normally displayed in the browser’s window title bar</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>4</b></p>
<a id="p5" href="#"></a>
<h2>Basic Syntax</h2>
<p>Tag and elements Tags are markups to tell browser how to display it’s contents. An element: tags and its marked contents Tag format: Opening tag <name [ /] [atrribute=“value”]> Closing tag </name> Not case sensitive The content of a tag appears between its opening tag and its closing tag. Not all tags have content If a tag has no content, its form is <name /> Every tag that has content must have a closing tag Tags must be properly nested Comment form: <!- … --> If a tag has attributes, they appear between its name and the right bracket Browsers ignore comments, unrecognizable tags, line breaks, multiple spaces, and tab</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>5</b></p>
<a id="p6" href="#"></a>
<h2>Basic text formatting</h2>
<h3>• Paragraph Elements: <p> • Line break tag <br /> • Heading <h1> , …, <h6></h3>
<p>• <h4> is the default size • <h5> and <h6> use smaller font size</p>
<h3>• Blockquote <blockquote> • Preformatted <pre></h3>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>6</b></p>
<a id="p7" href="#"></a>
<h3>•</h3>
<h3><b>Font Styles and Sizes (can be nested)</b></h3>
<p>• • • • •</p>
<p><b>Boldface - Italics <i> Larger <big> Smaller <small> monospace <tt></b></p>
<h3>•</h3>
<h3><b>Superscripts and subscripts</b></h3>
<p>• •</p>
<p><b>Subscripts with <sub> Superscripts with <sup></b></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>7</b></p>
<a id="p8" href="#"></a>
<p>• Character Entities</p>
<p><i>Char Entity</i></p>
<p>& & " < > ' ¼ ½ ¾ (space) < > " Double quote &apos Single quote ¼ Less than Greater than One quarter ½ ¾ °</p>
<p><i>Meaning</i></p>
<p>Ampersand One half Three quarters Degree Non-breaking space • Horizontal rules <hr /></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>8</b></p>
<a id="p9" href="#"></a>
<h3>Images</h3>
<p>• GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) 8-bit color (256 different colors) • JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) 24-bit color (16 million different colors) • Portable Network Graphics (PNG) • Images are inserted into a document with <img /> tag with the src attribute <img src = "comets.jpg" alt = "Picture of Comets" /></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>9</b></p>
<a id="p10" href="#"></a>
<h3>Hypertext Links</h3>
<p>• Hypertext is the essence of the Web • Both links (sometimes called sources) and targets (or anchors) of links are specified with the anchor tag (<a>) • A link is specified with the href (hypertext reference) attribute of <a> • The content of <a> is the visual link in the document e.g. <a href="http://physcomp1.wlu.ca/~hfan/cp102/schedule_cp102.html"></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>10</b></p>
<a id="p11" href="#"></a>
<h3>Lists</h3>
<p>Unordered lists The list is the content of the <ul> tag List elements are the content of the <li> tag Ordered lists The list is the content of the <ol> tag Each item in the display is preceded by a sequence value Nested lists Any type list can be nested inside any type list The nested list must be in a list item</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>11</b></p>
<a id="p12" href="#"></a>
<h3>Tables</h3>
<p>A table is a matrix of cells, each possibly having content The cells can include almost any elemen A table is specified as the content of a <table> tag A border attribute in the <table> tag specifies a border between the cells The border attribute can be set to a number, which will be the border width Without the border attribute, the table will have no lines!</p>
<p>The cellspacing attribute of <table> is used to specify the distance between cells in a table The cellpadding attribute of <table> is used to specify the spacing between the content of a cell and the inner walls of the cell Tables are given titles with the <caption> tag, which can immediately follow <table></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>12</b></p>
<a id="p13" href="#"></a>
<p>Each row of a table is specified as the content of a <tr> tag The row headings are specified as the content of a <th> tag The contents of a data cell is specified as the content of a <td> tag A table can have two levels of column labels If so, the colspan attribute must be set in the <th> tag to specify that the label must span some number of columns If the rows have labels and there is a spanningcolumn label, the upper left corner must be made larger, using rowspan The align attribute controls the horizontal placement of the contents in a table cell Values are left, right, and center (default) align is an attribute of <tr>, <th>, and <td> elements</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>13</b></p>
<a id="p14" href="#"></a>
<h3>Forms</h3>
<p>A form is the usual way that information is gotten from a browser to a server HTML has tags to create a collection of objects that implement this information gathering The form objects are called </p>
<p><i>widgets</i></p>
<p>checkboxes, submit). (e.g., radio buttons and When the Submit button of a form is clicked, the form’s values are sent to the server There are eight types of widgets. All of the widgets, or components of a form are defined in the content of a <form> tag Many are created with the <input> tag The type attribute of <input> specifies the kind of widget being created</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>14</b></p>
<a id="p15" href="#"></a>
<p>The only required attribute of <form> is action, which specifies the URL of the application that is to be called when the Submit button is clicked. The method attribute of <form> specifies one of the two possible techniques of transferring the form data to the server, get and post.</p>
<p><b><form method="get“ action="http://216.249.63.53/~hfan/cgi-bin/marks.cgi"> Enter the nine digits of your student ID number to retrieve your marks for CP102 <input type="password" name="Password" size="20" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="Course" size="20" value="mark102"> </form></b></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>15</b></p>
<a id="p16" href="#"></a>
<h3><b>1. Text</b></h3>
<p> Creates a horizontal box for text input</p>
<p><b><input type = "text" name = "name" size = "30" /></b></p>
<p> Default size is 20; it can be changed with the size attribute If more characters are entered than will fit, the box is scrolled (shifted) left If you don’t want to allow the user to type more characters than will fit, set maxlength, which causes excess input to be ignored</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>16</b></p>
<a id="p17" href="#"></a>
<h3><b>2. Checkboxes</b></h3>
<p> Collect multiple choice input <input type = "checkbox" name = "groceries" value = "milk" checked = "checked" /> Milk Every checkbox requires a value attribute, which is the widget’s value in the form data when the checkbox is ‘checked’ A checkbox that is not ‘checked’ contributes no value to the query string By default, no checkbox is initially ‘checked’ To initialize a checkbox to ‘checked’, the checked attribute must be set to "checked”</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>17</b></p>
<a id="p18" href="#"></a>
<h3>3. Radio Buttons</h3>
<p> Created with radio button tag <input type = "radio" name = "age" value = "20-35" /> collections of checkboxes in which only one button can be ‘checked’ at a time Every button in a radio button group MUST have the same name If no button in a radio button group is ‘pressed’, the browser often ‘presses’ the first one</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>18</b></p>
<a id="p19" href="#"></a>
<h3>4. Menus</h3>
<p>Created with selection tag <selection> <select name = "groceries"> <option> milk </option> <option> bread </option> <option> eggs </option> <option> cheese </option> </select> Menus that behave like checkboxes are specified by including the multiple attribute, which must be set to "multiple“ The name attribute of <select> is required If size is set to > 1 or if multiple is specified, the menu is displayed as a pop-up menu Each item of a menu is specified with an <option> tag, whose pure text content (no tags) is the value of the item</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>19</b></p>
<a id="p20" href="#"></a>
<h3>5. Text areas</h3>
<p> created with <textarea> Usually include the rows and cols attributes to specify the size of the text area Default text can be included as the content of <textarea> Scrolling is implicit if the area is overfilled</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>20</b></p>
<a id="p21" href="#"></a>
<h3>6. Reset and Submit buttons</h3>
<p> Both are created with <input> <input type = "reset" value = "Reset Form"> <input type = "submit” value = "Submit Form"> Submit has two actions: 1. Encode the data of the form 2. Request that the server execute the server-resident program specified as the value of the action attribute of <form> A Submit button is required in every form</p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>21</b></p>
<a id="p22" href="#"></a>
<h3>7. Password</h3>
<p><input type ="password" name="set_password" value="old_password” size="8" maxlength="8"></p>
<h3>8. Hidden field</h3>
<p><input type="hidden" name="username” value=“hfan"></p>
<p><b><i>CP102 Module 7: HTML</i></b></p>
<p><b>22</b></p>
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