Transcript Modeling Dietary Exposure Using Population

Modeling Dietary Pesticide Exposure
Using Consumption and Pesticide
Residue Survey Data
Aaron Niman, LT (USPHS)
[email protected]
Office of Pesticide Programs | Health Effects Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Health Category Day
2011 COA Conference, New Orleans, LA
June 20-23, 2010
Health Effects Division
Health
Division
Office
ofEffects
Pesticide
Programs
Office of Pesticide Programs
Objectives
1. Provide overview of U.S. EPA’s Office of Pesticide
Programs (OPP) and regulatory role in food safety
2. Introduce OPP’s dietary exposure assessment
methodology
–
–
–
Approach
Dietary Models
Key National Surveys
3. Describe recent efforts to update OPP’s Food
Commodity Intake Database
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
2
Office of Pesticide Programs
Office Director
Antimicrobials
Biopesticides & Pollution
Prevention
Pesticide Re-Evaluation
Health Effects
Biological & Economic
Analysis
Field & External Affairs
Environmental Fate &
Effects
Registration
IT
• Roughly 700 Staff and Annual Budget ~150 Million USD
4 Risk Assessment Divisions
2 Risk Management Divisions
Communications & Stakeholder Engagement
Economic and Lab Analysis
IT Support
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
3
Major OPP Regulatory Statutes
Federal Statute
OPP Authority
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA)
• Established U.S. EPA as pesticide licensing agency
• Established risk/benefit standard for registering
pesticide products
• Grants U.S. EPA strong authority to obtain toxicity and
exposure data from pesticide registrants
• Grants U.S. EPA ability to regulate labels and
packaging
Federal Food Drug and
Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA)
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
• Grants U.S. EPA authority to establish pesticide
tolerances for foods and feeds
• Requires that FDA and USDA monitor and enforce
tolerances
4
Major OPP Regulatory Statutes
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996
•
•
•
•
Amended both FIFRA and FFDCA
Established more health protective standard
Required OPP to re-evaluate over 10,000 pesticide tolerances
Required more advanced assessments methods
– Aggregate pesticide exposure
Food + Residential + Water
– Cumulative effects of pesticides with common mode of toxicity
Evaluate exposure to multiple OP pesticide, rather than individual compounds
– Special sensitivity of infants and children
Additional 10X factor applied to reference levels
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
5
OPP Risk Assessment Framework
Four broad categories
of risk assessment… … each of which are
evaluated in terms of
Food
toxicity
testing
on
Aggregate
-Food
- Drinking water
- Residential
Cumulative
Occupational
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
Acute
Subchronic
Chronic
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive/Developmental
Neurotoxicity
Genetics
6
Dietary Risk Assessment
Approach
• Evaluate food consumption patterns and residue
concentrations that lead to highest potential for
exposure
• Assessments range from simple to complex, but
based on same general exposure algorithm
All Consumption
X
Values
All Residue
Values
=
Range of Dietary
Exposures
• Tiering process used to refine exposure assessment
to reflect more realistic assumptions
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
7
Dietary Risk Assessment
OPP Residue Tiering Process
Tier 1 -- Tolerance-level residues/100%CT
Refinements
residue
refinements
•% Crop Treated
•Field trial data
•PDP/FDA data
•Processing studies
•Cooking Factors
•Bridging studies
•Residue degradation/decline studies
•Market basket data
Tier 4 -- highly refined residues
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
8
Dietary Risk Assessment
Higher Tiered Approaches
• Population-based approach to evaluate of possible
exposures
X
All Consumption
Values
=
All Residue
Values
Range of Dietary
Exposures
• Generally utilize dietary exposure models to simulate
exposure
– DEEM (Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model )
– CARES
– SHEDS-Dietary (Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation)
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
9
Dietary Risk Assessment Models
• Exposure assessment models based on
nationally-representative monitoring surveys
Key data surveys and databases:
– USDA’s What We Eat In America (WWEIA)
Nationally representative food consumption survey
– USDA’s Pesticide Data Program (PDP)
Nationally representative commodity residue sampling program
– U.S. EPA’s Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID)
Recipe database that links WWEIA foods to PDP residue data
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
10
Dietary Risk Assessment Models
Food Recipe
Database
(FCID)
Food Consumption
(WWEIA)
Raw Ingredient
Consumption
+
Dietary
Exposure
=
Ingredient
Pesticide Residue
(PDP)
Risk
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
Acceptable Level
aPAD, cPAD, etc.
11
USDA’s What We Eat In America
• National food survey conducted as part of the National Health
Assessment and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
– Collected on two-year continuous basis
– Nationally representative and uses consistent data collection methods
– Data collected on two days of 24-hour dietary recall
• Captures dietary recall data on foods as reported eaten
e.g., pizza, cake, cheese, chicken tortilla, etc.
Additional Information: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=13793
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
12
USDA’s Pesticide Data Program
• Sampling program that analyzes pesticide residue from food
samples collected near the point of purchase (i.e., grocery stores)
• Sample analysis (as if for consumption)
• Often targets foods consumed by children
Pesticide Data Program Participating States
Additional Information: http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELDEV3003252
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
13
Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID)
• Translates foods as reported eaten to raw agricultural
commodities using U.S. EPA food vocabulary
• Converts more than 5,000 food codes into recipes containing
roughly 540 difference food commodities
• Database may also have useful applications in risk assessment
and identification of ingredient-based disease outbreaks
Examples include:
Apple pie
Big Mac
Cheese Pizza
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
 apples, wheat, soybean oil, etc.
 wheat flour, beef, cucumbers, etc.
 wheat flour, milk, tomatoes, etc.
14
Food Commodity Intake Database: Example
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
15
Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID)
• Also includes additional information on food
commodities (used subsequently in exposure
modeling)
– Cooked Status (Yes, No)
– Food Form (Fresh, frozen, etc.)
– Cooking Method (Baked, boiled, etc.)
• OPP currently updating FCID so that it is able to link
to WWEIA consumption data collected in NHANES
2003-2006
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
16
FCID Graphical User Interface
• OPP working to improve accessibility of FCID
• Developed database and user interface in MS Access
• Working to develop web application with USDA’s Food Safety
Inspection Service and U-Maryland’s Joint Institute of Food
Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN)
Functionality
– Improve transparency of coded fields
– Make recipes fully searchable
– Make recipe format more user-friendly
– Link FCID directly to WWEIA
– Enable users to estimate consumption of food commodities
Weighted mean and percentile calculations
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
17
Search Recipes by Food Name
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
18
Next Steps
• Dietary Exposure Evaluation Model
– Adding more recent consumption data
– Working to make free and publically available
• FCID Updates and Tools
– More compatible with more recent NHANES-WWEIA food
consumption
– Foodrisk.org Web Application
• Recipe search tool
• Population consumption estimate tool
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs
19
Acknowledgements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Katie Egan
Toiya Goodlow
Ranwa Hammamy
David Hrdy
Yuen-Shaung Ng
Aaron Niman
•
•
•
•
•
•
Allison Nowotarski
Sheila Piper
Kristin Rury
Bernie Schneider
Julie Van Alstine
Phil Villanueva
Additional Information:
• EPA Pesticide Website: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/
• Purdue Pesticide Program Resources: http://www.ppp.purdue.edu/
20
Health Effects Division
Office of Pesticide Programs