Transcript The Early Modern Era

The Early Modern Era
1500 – 1900 AD
5 Important Periods
Renaissance
 Reformation
 Enlightenment
 French Revolution
 Industrial Revolution
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The Renaissance
The Renaissance began during the 1300’s
mostly in Italy.
 Renaissance = Rebirth
 The main focus of the Renaissance were
arts, education, and politics.
 Humanism
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Arts
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The Renaissance was perhaps the greatest period for art
in human history.
Some of the greatest artists and paintings came from
this era.
Leonardo Da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
Durer (1471 – 1528)
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
Van Eyck (1385 – 1440)
Botticelli (1445 – 1510)
Bellini (1430 – 1516)
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
Davinci
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The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Pieta
Sistine Chapel/The Creation
Adoration of the Magi
Madonna With Child
School of Athens
The Wedding
A Young Hare
Crucifixion
Birth of Venus
Feast of the Gods
Education
Education became another major focus
during the Renaissance.
 This is where modern education began to
take form.
 Education was focused more on people
(humanities).
 All of these practices were based off the
works of ancient Greeks and Romans.
 Philosophy
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Society & Politics
During the Renaissance, the class system
became more well defined:
 Clergy
 Nobility
 Bourgeoisie
 Commoners
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Important Figures
Machiavelli
 Dante
 Chaucer
 Shakespeare
 Gutenberg (printing)
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The Protestant Reformation
The Reformation began with a simple
question: What must I do to be saved?
 Many people felt the Catholic Church had
become corrupt.
 Selling of indulgences.
 Pluralism & Absenteeism
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Martin Luther
Martin Luther was a former German monk
who broke from the Catholic Church.
 Luther believed that faith in God alone
could get you to heaven.
 95 Theses
 Luther would be excommunicated by Pope
Leo X and went into hiding, protected by
Frederick of Saxony.
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Protestant Religions
Lutheranism
 Presbyterianism (John Calvin)
 Anabaptists
 Anglicans
 Methodists
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Beliefs of Protestants
Most protestants believe that faith alone
can get you to Heaven.
 There is no clear leader, like a Pope, all
individuals are equally important
(Humanism).
 Predestination
 Importance of family
 There is much more political influence in
Protestantism than in Catholicism.
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Reformation in England
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The Reformation in England was more political
than anything else.
It was led by King Henry VIII (1491 – 1547)
Henry was angered that the Pope would not
allow him to divorce his first wife, so he broke
from the Catholic Church and founded the
Church of England (Anglican).
As time passed, Protestantism grew in England
and became more powerful than Catholicism.
This led to the English Civil War of the 1640’s
(Oliver Cromwell).
Catholic Reformation
The Protestant Reformation helped the
Catholic Church to realize that changes
needed to be made.
 The Council of Trent (1545 – 1563)
outlined new reforms in the Church.
 Ignatius Loyola (Jesuits)
 One of the Jesuit focuses was education
(Catholic schools).
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The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment brought out new ideas
about politics, science, and life in general.
 Elizabeth I (Ruled 1558 – 1603)
 The Age of Reason (Francis Bacon).
 Many great philosophers and scientists
would come from this period.
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Science
The Scientific Revolution created many
new ideas about the universe.
 New principles in math and science began
to arise.
 Copernicus (1473 – 1543)
 Galileo (1564 – 1642)
 Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727)
 Advances in Medicine
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Philosophy
Enlightenment philosophy is based on the
idea of reason: Using the Scientific
method to explain all of life.
 Reached its peak in the 18th century
(1700’s)
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“Philosophes”
The goal of “philosophes” was to change
the world, not just discuss it.
 Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)
 John Locke (1632 – 1704)
 Voltaire (1694 – 1778)
 Denis Diderot (1713 – 1784)
 Adam Smith (1723 – 1790)
 Mary Wollstonecraft (1759 – 1797)
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Not A Title
Classical style music came from the
enlightenment period.
 By the end of the Enlightenment, the
average person was more educated than
ever before in history.
 This would lead to major changes that are
still present in society today.
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The French Revolution
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The revolution started
because people
began to question the
system of the Estates
General.
Each group had only
one vote (clergy,
nobility, commoners).
Who is it fair to tax?
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Road to Revolution
The French Revolution was inspired by the
American Revolution against Britain
 The 3rd estate had become angry with the
extravagant life of the King (Louis XVI),
and the first two estates.
 For years, the monarchy had not asked
the Estates General for their opinion,
especially the commoners.
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Revolution
The Revolution began in 1789.
 Storming the Bastille.
 The King’s Army was powerless to stop
the angry mob of people.
 After taking over, the 3rd estate established
the National Assembly, where each
representative had 1 vote
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen.
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The New France
The new French system of government
was based on our own system in the U.S.
 Limited power of monarchy
 During this time, Blessed William Joseph
Chaminade worked to keep the church
alive.
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Problems
Everything happened so fast that there
were many holes in the new government.
 Robespierre and the reign of terror
 Guillotine
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Napoleon
From 1799 – 1815, Napoleon would
become dictator of France.
 Napoleon was a great general, but had an
Ego that was far greater.
 He was short = Napoleon complex
 He would go from being loved by the
French people to hated.
 Invasion of Russia
 Waterloo
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""Celebrating Napoleon’s Birthday on the Island of St. Helena""
In this cartoon, Napoleon is portrayed as a buffoon, riding a goat in a charge against rodents, mocking his warlike instincts.
Comparing the Revolutions
American
July 4, 1776 - Declaration of
Independence.
War with England
1787- Constitution
1791 – Bill of Rights
Constitution ratified
1791-2006– same
Constitution
French
July 14,1789 - Storming of the
Bastille
Aug, 1789 – Declaration
of the rights of Man
1791 – Constitution
ANARCHY
1793-94 – Committee of
Public Safety
ANARCHY
1794 –99 –DIRECTORY
1799-1815 – Napoleon
1815 – King Louis XVIII
Today 5th Republic
Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution was the culmination of
all the advancements that had been made
before.
It began in Britain during the 1780’s.
Up until this time, most ordinary people
depended on agriculture for jobs and to support
their families.
Industrialization is the process by which a
Nation’s economy shifts from agriculture to
manufacturing.
Reasons for this growth
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Many new inventions increased production of products, creating jobs
for people and lowering costs.
In 1768, James Hargreave invented the “Spinning Jenny”, which
produced yarn in greater quantities.
James Watt invented the steam engine, powered by steam. This
practical device could be used for a variety of purposes and was
perhaps the most important invention of the revolution.
Puddling – A system developed by Henry Cort that improved the
quality of iron by removing impurities.
Steamboats and railroads greatly improved transportation.
Industrialization would spread throughout Europe from Britain during
the 1800’s.
Lower Death rates
Impacts
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Population growth and big cities.
New industrial classes began to form.
Factory work would replace agriculture as the
most popular job market.
Average people now had more money!!
The birth of big business.
A new political system, called socialism, would
begin to take shape.
Karl Marx
Labor
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Working conditions in factories were often very harsh.
There were so many people and jobs that if you were
late one day you could be fined, or even fired!!
Child Labor
Factory Act of 1833.
Irish Potato Famine.
Unions
The Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S. would lead
many people to leave Europe for jobs in America and
help make it the power it is today.
Imperialism
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When stronger countries extend their political,
economic, or military control over weaker ones.
European’s were doing this in Africa, South
America, and Asia since the 1500’s.
By the end of the 1800’s, many European
powers had cemented themselves as dominant
countries.
This would all begin to change in a few short
years.