Transcript A Tale of Two Cities - Mrs. Lee's Classroom

A Tale of Two Cities
The Reign of Terror
The Monarchy
King Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
The Revolutionaries
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Commoners
Sans-culottes
Red liberty hats
Tricolor cockade
The “Jacques”
• “Jacques” was a code name used by the
revolutionaries to identify other revolutionaries
• Common name representing the common citizen
• Provided anonymity
• Possibly based on real-life:
o Jacquerie-peasant revolt in 1300s
o Jacobins-the actual revolutionaries
Estates of the Realm
• First Estate
o Clergy
o 0.5% of population
• Second Estate
o Nobility
o 2% of population
• Third Estate
o Everyone else (peasants,
laborers, shop keepers, etc.)
o 97% of population
Leading to Revolution
• Third Estate
o Heavily taxed (only estate that was taxed)
o Politically under-represented
o The poorest were devastated by food shortages
• The Third Estate’s growing discontent with
the lavish lifestyle of aristocracy, despite
France’s economic turmoil.
The Estates-General
Revolution Begins - 1789
• Tennis Court Oath (June)
• Storming of the Bastille(July)
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the
Citizen (August)
• Women’s March on Versailles (October)
Tennis Court Oath - June
Storming the Bastille - July
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The Bastille was a prison in the center of Paris
Symbol of royal authority and abuses of monarchy
A mob of citizens stormed the Bastille
Only 7 prisoners, but a lot of gunpowder (15 tons)
“Work, Jacques One, Jacques Two, Jacques One Thousand,
Jacques Two Thousand, Jacques Five-and-Twenty
Thousand; in the name of all the Angels or the
Devils--which you prefer--work!”
Storming of the Bastille
"To me, women!" cried madame.
"What! We can kill as well
as the men when the
place is taken!”
After the Bastille
• The king was informed of the storming the next
morning by one of his dukes.
"Is it a revolt?" asked Louis XVI.
The duke replied: "No sire, it is a revolution.”
Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen - August
• Fundamental document of
the Revolution
• First step toward writing
constitution
• Defines individual human
rights
• Collective rights of all
estates of the realm as
universal
• Adopted by the National
Assembly (political leaders
of Third Realm) after the
Tennis Court Oath
March on Versailles - Oct
• Women in a Paris marketplace were angered
by the high price and scarcity of bread
• Grew into a mob of thousands
• Ransacked the city armory for weapons
• Marched to Versailles to confront the King
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
Palace of Versailles
The Red Cap
• A Red Cap, also known as Liberty cap or Phrygian cap
• Brimless felt cap, conical with the tip pulled forward
• Alludes to Roman manumission of slaves
o Freed slave receives the cap as symbol of liberty
• French revolutionaries wore it at the Bastille
The Red Cap
• Mounted patriots in red caps
and tri-coloured cockades,
armed with national muskets
and sabres…”
• The red cap and tri-colour
cockade were universal, both
among men and women.
• “Houses, with the standard
inscription Republic One and
Indivisible. Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity, or Death!”
• “Her dark hair looked rich
under her coarse red cap.”
The Red Cap in America
Reign of Terror
• The most violent period of
the Revolution
• Lasted approx. one year,
Sept 1793 to July 1794
• Mass executions of “enemies
of the revolution“
o 16,594 executed by guillotine
o 2,639 by guillotine in Paris
• Another 25,000 executions
across France
Madame Guillotine
• A symbol of the revolution
• Many nobles (émigrés) left France
• a
Execution of
King Louis XVI
Execution of
Marie Antoinette
• a
Charles Dickens
• a
Tumbril
• “Rude carts, bespattered with rustic mire…the Farmer, Death,
had already set apart to be his tumbrils of the Revolution.”
• “The tumbrils now jolted heavily, filled with Condemned…all red
wine for La Guillotine, all daily brought into light from the dark
cellars of the loathsome prisons, and carried to her through the
streets to slake her devouring thirst. Liberty, equality, fraternity,
or death;—the last, much the easiest to bestow, O Guillotine!”
Tricoteuse
• French for “knitting women”
• Nickname for the women who
regularly attended executions
• Sat beside the guillotine
• They were morbidly calm,
knitting between executions.
“One woman who had stood conspicuous, knitting,
still knitted on with the steadfastness of Fate.”