Transcript Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Ancient Egypt
and Nubia
The Geography of the Nile
I.
Nile is the world’s
largest river
A. Flows from central
Africa to Mediterranean
Sea (4,000 miles)
The Geography of the Nile
B.
Two main sources
– White Nile and Blue
Nile
C. Flows North to
Mediterranean Sea
The Geography of the Nile
D.
Cataracts – a
rock filled rapid in a
river
The Geography of the Nile
1.
Lower Nubia –
between First and
Second Cataracts
2. Upper Nubia –
between Second and
Sixth Cataracts
The Geography of the Nile
3.
Upper Egypt –
North of the First
Cataract
4. Lower Egypt –
further north – fertile
marshy area
The Geography of the Nile
E.
Delta – the place at
the mouth of a river
where it splits into
several streams to form
an area shaped like a
triangle
The Geography of the Nile
F.
Silt – rich, fertile
soil deposited by the
flooding of a river
The Geography of the Nile
G.
Floods deposit
rich soil – ideal for
farming
H. “Black Land” and
“Red Land”
The Geography of the Nile
1.
Called land
“Kemet” – the black
land
2. Dark soil left by
flooding
The Geography of the Nile
3.
Desert – the red
land
a. Beyond fertile
river banks
The Geography of the Nile
b.
Useless for
farming
c. Protection from
invaders
The Geography of the Nile
II.
Civilizations
A. Communities
along Nile delta in
lower Egypt – 4000
B.C.
The Geography of the Nile
B.
Communities in
Nubia – 3800 B.C.
C. Importance of
trade
The Geography of the Nile
1.
Nile River
2. Caravans to
Mesopotamia
3. Gold, silver,
copper, and pottery
The Geography of the Nile
D.
Trade in Egypt
possible by sailing
upriver or downriver
E. Trade in Nubia
possible by land only due
to cataracts
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
I.
Important terms
A. Dynasty – a
family of rulers
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
B.
Pharaoh – the title of
the kings of ancient
Egypt
1. Had absolute power
over their people
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
2.
Decisions
became law
3. Were also
religious leaders
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
C.
Regent –
someone who rules
for a child until the
child is old enough to
rule
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
II.
Important
Kingdoms and Rulers
A. Menes
1. Began first
dynasty
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
2.
United Upper
and Lower Egypt
3. Built city of
Memphis
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
B.
Old Kingdom
1. Good rulers
2. Well-run
government
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
C.
Middle Kingdom
1. Restored order
after end of Old
Kingdom
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
2.
Sponsored
irrigation projects
3. Built canal
between Nile and
Red Sea
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
4.
Lost control to
foreign invaders
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
D.
New Kingdom
1. Drove out
invaders
2. Developed large
armies
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
E.
Hatshepsut
1. Stepmother of
Thutmose III
2. Appointed regent
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
3.
Had herself
proclaimed pharaoh
4. Ruled during
time of peace and
economic success
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
F.
Thutmose III
1. One of the
greatest pharaohs
of New Kingdom
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
2.
Conquered
many lands for
Egypt
3. Educated man –
studied plants
Egypt’s Kings and Queens
4.
Treated
conquered people
with mercy
Egyptian Religion
I.
Important Terms
A. Afterlife – the
next life, in which the
dead are believed to
live again
Egyptian Religion
B.
Mummy – a dead
body preserved in
lifelike condition
Egyptian Religion
C.
Pyramid – a huge
building with four
sloping outside walls
shaped like triangles. In
Egypt, pyramids were
built as royal tombs.
Egyptian Religion
II.
Religion
A. Polytheistic
society
Egyptian Religion
B.
Religion
explained workings
of nature
C. Tried to please
gods
Egyptian Religion
D.
Gods
1. Osiris – god of
living and dead;
afterlife
Egyptian Religion
2.
Amon-Re – chief
god
3. Isis – wife of
Osiris
Egyptian Religion
III.
Afterlife
A. Bodies
mummified to exist in
afterlife
Egyptian Religion
B.
Pyramid – tomb
for pharaoh
a. 20 or more
years to build
Egyptian Religion
b.
West bank of
Nile
c. Hard and
dangerous work
Egyptian Religion
d.
Possessions
buried with pharaoh
Culture of Egyptians
 I.
Key Terms
A. Hieroglyphs – a kind of
picture writing in which
some pictures stand for
ideas or things and others
stand for sounds
Culture of Egyptians
B.
Papyrus – an early
form of paper made
from a reedlike plant
found in the marshy
areas of the Nile delta
Culture of Egyptians
C.
Astronomer – A
scientist who studies
the stars and other
objects in the sky
Culture of Egyptians
II.
Social Classes
A. Pharaoh
B. Upper Class
Culture of Egyptians
1.
priests
2. members of
pharaoh’s court
3. nobles
Culture of Egyptians
C.
Middle Class
1. merchants
2. skilled workers
Culture of Egyptians
D.
Peasants
1.
farm labor, built
roads and temples.
2. by far the
largest class
Culture of Egyptians
E.
Slaves
1. prisoners from
wars
2. a separate class
3. had some rights
Culture of Egyptians
F.
Women
1. had most of the
rights of men
2. noble women
had special rights
Culture of the Egyptians
 III.
A land of great learning
A. Writing
1. keep track of growing
wealth
2. make new symbols for
complicated ideas
Culture of Egyptians
3.
began writing
on papyrus
a. Much more
convenient than
clay tablets
Culture of Egyptians
4.
Rosetta stone
discovered in 1799
A. Found near city of
Rosetta
B. Translated
hieroglyphs into Greek
Culture of Egyptians
B.
Science
1. Astronomers used
skies to determine when
Nile would flood
2. Found 365 days
make a year
Culture of Egyptians
C.
Medicine
1. Performed
surgeries
Culture of Egyptians
2.
Set broken
bones and treated
spine injuries
Culture of Egyptians
3.
Practiced
herbalism
a. Creating
medicine from
plants
Culture of Egyptians
Artisans
– a worker
who is skilled in
making something