Transcript Mata Kuliah Konsentrasi GATT Topik: Tariff barriers dan

Mata Kuliah Konsentrasi
WTO (GATT dan GATS)
Topik: Tariff barriers dan Non-tariff barriers
Dina W. Kariodimedjo
FAKULTAS HUKUM UGM
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• Perdagangan internasional memerlukan akses ke
pasar domestik negara lain.
• Akses tersebut harus terukur dan bertambah/
meningkat
– Goods and services
– Countries, traders, and service suppliers
• Akses ke pasar domestik negara lain acapkali
dibatasi dengan bermacam cara
– Tariff barriers
– Non-tariff barriers (NTB)
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TB
• Terutama mencakup customs duties = tariffs.
• TB relevan terutama untuk perdagangan
barang.
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NTB
• Quantitative restrictions
– Quotas
• Other NTB
– Lack of transparency of trade regulation
– Unfair and arbitrary application of trade
regulation
– Customs formalities
– Technical barriers to trade and government
procurement practices
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Pembukaan WTO Agreement
• WTO Members pursue the objectives of
higher standards of living, full employment,
growth and sustainable economic
development by entering into reciprocal and
mutual advantageous arrangements directed
to the substantial reduction of tariffs and
other barriers to trade.
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• Pengurangan tariff dan hambatan-hambatan
perdagangan yang bersifat non-tariff yang
dilakukan bersamaan dengan penghapusan
diskriminasi merupakan cara kunci untuk
mencapai tujuan WTO secara menyeluruh.
– Estimasi nilai keuntungan dari adanya pengurangan
tariff: antara US$80 billion and US$500 billion.
– Kelebihan-kelebihan/ nilai positif dari pengurangan
tariff lebih banyak dari pada keuntungan yang dicapai
dari liberalisasi perdagangan.
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• Quantitative restrictions on goods are
prohibited, while other barriers, such as
customs duties are allowed in principle and
are only limited to the extent of a Member’s
specific agreement.
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Tariff barriers to trade in goods
•
•
•
•
•
Custom duties or tariff
Negotiations on tariff reductions
Tariff concessions and schedule of concessions
Protection of tariff concessions
Modification or withdrawal of tariff
concessions
• Imposition of custom duties
• Other duties and charges
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Tariff barriers to trade in goods
• Custom duties or tariff
– Is a financial charge, in the form of a tax, imposed
on products at the time of, and/or because of
their importation.
– Tariff is specific, ad valorem or mixed.
• A specific customs duty on a product is an amount
based on the weight, volume or quantity of that
product.
– Duty 100 Euro per hectoliter minyak sayur.
– Duty 3.000 Euro atas setiap mobil.
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Tariff barriers to trade in goods
• Ad valorem pada barang adalah duty yang dihitung
berdasarkan nilai barang  persentase dari nilai barang
yang diimpor
– 15% ad valorem duty pada komputer  duty atas komputer
senilai 1.000 Euro = 150 Euro.
• Mixed or compound
– Duty on wool 10% ad valorem + 50 Euro per ton  duty on 3
tons of wool dengan harga 1.000 Euro per ton = 300 Euro +
150 Euro = 450 Euro.
– Ad valorem, specific atau mixed
• MFN duties
• Preferential duties
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• Ad valorem duty lebih dipilih dan paling
umum digunakan dari semua customs duties:
– Lebih transparan dibanding specific duty atau
mixed duty
– Dampak terhadap perlindungan dan efek negatif
pada harga di konsumen lebih mudah dianalisis
– Berdasarkan index – lebih aman pada saat ada
inflasi
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Tariff barriers to trade in goods
• Custom duties or tariff
– Tujuan:
• Pemasukan bagi negara (revenue for governments) – easy to
collect.
• Melindungi industri domestik.
• Mendukung alokasi rational atas kelangkaan valas –
meningkatkan penggunaan valas untuk impor barang e.g.
mesin industri (negara berlakukan tariff tinggi) dan
menghambat penggunaannya untuk impor barang mewah
e.g. perfume (negara berlakukan tariff rendah).
• Instrumen untuk kebijakan pertumbuhan/ perkembangan
ekonomi.
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Tariff
• Punya arti lain.
• Daftar terstruktur deskripsi produk dan
hubungannya dengan customs duty.
• National tariff kebanyakan mengikuti
Harmonised Commodity Description and
Coding System = Harmonised System or HS.
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NTB to trade in goods
•
•
•
•
Quantitative restrictions
Rules on quantitative restrictions
Administration of quantitative restrictions
Other NTB
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NTB to trade in goods
• Quantitative restrictions (QR)
– Is a measure which limits the quantity of a product that may
be imported or exported
• A prohibition or ban
– “diberlakukan pada saat tidak dipenuhinya syaratsyarat tertentu”
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NTB to trade in goods
•
Quantitative restrictions (QR) - lanjutan
– Is a measure which limits the quantity of a product that may be imported
or exported
• A quota
– “measure indicating the quantity that may be imported or
exported”
» Global quota, global quota allocated among countries,
bilateral quota
– Contoh: ketentuan yang membolehkan impor dengan jumlah
(atau nilai) maks:
» 1.000 ton cocoa powder per tahun
» 450 traktor
(units, weight atau volume)
» 12 juta Euro flowers
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NTB to trade in goods
• Quantitative restrictions (QR) - lanjutan
– Is a measure which limits the quantity of a product that may be
imported or exported
• Automatic and non-automatic licensing
– Import-licensing procedures: administrative procedures…..
requiring the submission of an application or other
documentation (other than that required for customs
purposes) to the relevant administrative body as a prior
condition for importation into the customs territory of the
importing Member.
• Other QR
– Quantitative restriction made effective through State trading
operations, a mixing regulation; a minimum price, triggering a
quantitative restriction; and a voluntary export restraint.
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• Tariff quotas (TRQ)
– Is not quota
– Is not a quantitative restriction
– Is a quantity which can be imported at a certain
duty; any quantity above that amount is subject to
a higher tariff
• Contoh: Anggota dapat membolehkan impor atas 5.000
traktor dengan 10% ad valorem, dan traktor lain yang
diimpor dalam jumlah lebih dari 5.000 traktor dikenai
30% ad valorem
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Barriers to trade in services
• Biasanya disebabkan oleh peraturan pemerintah (domestic regulation)
• Contoh:
– A restriction on the number of drugstore allowed within a
geographical area
– An obligation for all practicing lawyers to be a member of the local bar
association
– Sanitation standards for restaurants
– Technical safety requirements for airline companies
– A requirement that all professional services are offered in the national
language
– Professional qualification requirements for accountants
– A prohibition on banks to sell life insurance
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Barriers to trade in services
• Banyak peraturan pemerintah dalam bidang jasa yang tidak
harmonis dengan GATS-inkonsisten terhadap upaya
penghilangan/pengurangan barriers to trade in services.
• Alasan: sektor produksi dan konsumsi bidang jasa sering
dihubungkan dengan
– Perlindungan konsumen
– Jaminan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dan keamanannya
• Preamble GATS
– “the right of Members to regulate, and to introduce new regulations
on, the supply of services within their territories in order to meet
national policy objectives.”
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Barriers to trade in services
• Market access barriers to trade in services
• Other barriers to trade in services
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Barriers to trade in services
• Market access barriers to trade in services
– Art XVI: 2(a) to (f)
• Pembatasan jumlah service suppliers
• Pembatasan total nilai transaksi jasa atau aset
• Pembatasan jumlah total service operations atau total
kuantitas service output
• Pembatasan total jumlah pekerja dalam sektor tertentu
• Pelarangan atau persyaratan bentuk badan hukum
tertentu atau joint venture
• Pembatasan penyertaan modal asing
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Barriers to trade in services
• Market access barriers to trade in services - lanjutan
– Art XVI: 2(a) to (f)
• 4 jenis quantitative restrictions
– Dilihat dari “angka” atau studi kebutuhan ekonomi
– Namun tidak berkaitan dengan:
» Kualitas jasa yang disediakan
» Kemampuan supplier dalam menyediakan jasa:
technical standards or qualification of the supplier
• Pembatasan bentuk badan hukum
• Pembatasan penyertaan modal asing
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Barriers to trade in services
– Akses pasar jasa yang diskriminasi atau nondiskriminasi?
• Pemberian izin kepada restoran cepat saji yang
ditentukan dari studi dari sisi kebutuhan ekonomi
berbasis jumlah penduduk (?)
• Pelarangan waktu tayang terhadap film asing (?)
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Barriers to trade in services
• Other barriers to trade in services
– Lack of transparency
• Publikasi, saluran keluhan, pemberitahuan,
prosedur keberatan
– Unfair or arbitrary application of measures affecting
trade in services
• Pemberitahuan terhadap putusan atas suatu
pendaftaran
– Domestic regulation
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Barriers to trade in services
• Other barriers to trade in services - lanjutan
– Lack of recognition of diploma and professional certificates
• 2 cara: harmonisasi atau persetujuan antar negara yang
berkepentingan
– Other measures and actions
• Monopolies and exclusive service providers (perhatikan
komitmen yang telah dibuat)
• International payments and transfer
• Government procurement laws and practices
(penyediaan barang dan jasa)
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Bacaan wajib
• Van den Bossche, Peter, 2005, The Law and
Policy of the World Trade Organization, Text,
Cases and Materials, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
• WTO, 1999, The Legal Texts, The Results of the
Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade
Negotiations, Cambridge University Press.
• Bahan-bahan kuliah lain yang dikirimkan oleh
Dosen ke email Anda.
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