Transcript Document

Chapter Four
Social Interaction
in Everyday Life
Society, The Basics
10th Edition
John J. Macionis
Social Structure:
A Guide to Everyday Living
Social interaction – the process by which
people act and react in ______ to _____.
Status
• Status – a social position that an
individual occupies.
• Every status is part of our _____
_____.
• It defines who
and what we
are in relation
to others.
Status
A status set – all of
the statuses a
person _____at a
given time.
Status
Ascribed status – a
social position a
person receives at
_____or assumes
__________.
Status
Achieved status – a
social position a
person assumes
voluntarily that
reflects _______
_____.
A Master Status
• Some statuses matter more than
others, often shaping a person’s entire
life.
• A master status – a status that has
special importance for _____ _______.
Role
• Role – behavior expected of someone
who holds a particular status.
• Role performance _____according to
personality.
• Role set – a number of roles attached
to a _____status.
Status & Role
• "Role" is what the doctor does (or, at
least, is expected to do), while status is
what the doctor is. In other words,
"status" is the position an actor
_______ , while "role" is the expected
behavior ________ to that position.
• People occupy status. People perform
roles.
Status Set and Role Set
Figure 4-1
Role Conflict and Role Strain
• Role conflict –
conflict between
roles corresponding
to ____ or _____
statuses.
• When we
experience being
pulled in several
different directions.
Role Conflict and Role Strain
Role strain – tension
among roles
connected to a
_____ status.
Performing various
roles attached to
one status feels like
a “balancing act.”
Role Exit
• Role exit – the
process by which
people _______
from important
roles
• “Exes” must rebuild
relationships with
people who knew
them in their
earlier life.
“Ex-nun”
Role Exit
No Coined Terms
Coined Terms
• Ex-doctor
• Ex-convict
• Ex-baseball
player
• __-________
•
•
•
•
Retiree
Divorcee
Widow
Alumnus
The Social Construction of
Reality
• Social construction of reality – the
process by which people creatively
shape reality through _____
_________.
• Interaction is a complex negotiation.
• “Reality” remains _______ in
everyone’s minds
The Thomas Theorem
The Thomas Theorem –
situations that are
defined as ___ are ____
in their consequences.
W.I. Thomas
The Thomas Theorem
•A prisoner attacked people mumbling
absent-mindedly to themselves.
•To the deranged
inmate, these lip
movements were curses
or insults.
•No matter that they
weren't; the results
were the _____.
W.I. Thomas
Ethnomethodology
Harold Garfinkel
• Harold Garfinkel states
people create reality in
everyday __________.
• Ethnomethodology – the
study of the way people
_____ _____ of their
everyday surroundings.
• Realities are influenced by
culture.
Reality Building:
Class and Culture
Our social
background affects
what we see.
People build ______
from the surrounding
________.
Dramaturgical Analysis:
“The Presentation of Self”
• Dramaturgical analysis – the
study of social _________in
terms of theatrical performance
(“actors on a stage”)
Erving Goffman
• Each performance involves the
presentation of self, one’s efforts to
create specific impressions in the
minds of others.
• aka “_________ management”
Nonverbal Communication
• Nonverbal
communication – using
____ ___________,
gestures, and facial
expressions rather
than speech.
• This conveys
___________.
Nonverbal Communication
Eye contact is used to
_____and ________
interaction.
Hand gestures may
convey an insult.
Gestures also _________ spoken words.
Nonverbal Communication
Words, voice, and facial expressions
are often ways to spot people telling
____.
Paul Ekman
Gender and Performances
• Women are
________ to be
less assertive
than men.
• Women tend to
be more _______
to nonverbal
communication.
Gender and Performances
Men typically
command more
_____ than
women.
Women craft
their _______
____________
more carefully
than men.
Idealization, Embarrassment, and
Tact
• We construct performances to idealize
our intentions (Erving Goffman).
• We try to convince others we do not
have _______ _____.
Idealization, Embarrassment, and
Tact
Embarrassment – discomfort resulting
from a _____ __________.
Embarrassing Performance
Idealization, Embarrassment, and
Tact
“Tact is the ability to
describe others as they
see themselves.”
Abraham Lincoln
Tact – helping someone “___ ___.”
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Emotions
Humor
Language
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Emotions
Emotions, more commonly
called _______, are an
important dimension of
everyday life.
All human beings
experience the same basic
________ and display them
to others in the same basic
ways.
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Emotions
Arlie Russell Hochschild –
the typical company does
indeed try to ________ not
only behavior but also the
________of its employees.
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Language
Language conveys deep levels of
meaning.
Language defines men and women
differently in several ways:
(1) The _____function of language.
(2) The value function of language.
(3) The _______function of language.
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Humor
• Humor is a product of _____
_________.
• It stems from the contrast between
two different ________.
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Humor
Conventional – what
people expect in some
situation
Unconventional – an
unexpected violation of
_______ ________
One must understand the two realities
involved well enough to appreciate their
___________.
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Humor
Humor arises
from
contradiction,
ambiguity, and
_____ _______
found in differing
definitions of the
same situation.
The idea of “getting it.”
Interaction in Everyday Life:
Humor
Humor provides
a way to express
an opinion
without being
______.
Humor often is a sign
of real ______.