Transcript Types of Input and the acquisition of English listening

English Writing
外国语学院英语专业教研室
赵红路
E-mail: [email protected]
Tel: 13194369777
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Chapter IV. Developing
Paragraphs
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Coherence (content)
Unity (thought)
Transition (form)
Effective paragraphs
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Unity (thought)
• Topic sentence
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Coherence (content)
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Five ways to improve the coherence
1. the use of parallel constructions
2. the use of repetition
3. the use of pronouns to refer to nouns in
preceding sentences
• 4. being consistent in the person and number of
nouns and pronouns, the tense of verbs
• 5. the use of transitional expressions
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Transition (form)
• 表添加： and, again, besides, furthermore,
moreover, in addition, what’s more, further
• 表时间：afterwards, later, earlier,
subsequently, at the same time,
simultaneously, immediately, meanwhile, in
the meantime, formerly, presently, shortly,
then, etc.
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• 表对比：but, however, nevertheless, instead, by
(in) contrast, in spite of this, on the one hand, …
on the other hand, for one thing, … for another, on
the contrary
• 表举例：as an illustration, for example, for
instance, To make it clear,… may serve as a good
illustration. We may take … as an example, A
good case in point is…
• To illustrate this point, let us consider…
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• 表归纳：to sum up, In short (brief), In a word, In
conclusion, To conclude
• From what has been discussed above, we may
safely come to the conclusion that…
• Taking into account all the facts concerned, we
can say that…
• Judging from all the evidence available, we may
draw the conclusion that…
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• 表因果：therefore, thus, hence, as a result,
accordingly, consequently
• 表让步： of course, to be sure, to tell the
truth, certainly, naturally, no doubt
• 表重复：as I have said, in other words, to
repeat
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Ways of Developing a Paragraph
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Development by Time (chronological order)
Development by Process (logical order)
Development by Space (spatial order)
Development by Example
(induction\deduction) (general/specific)
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Development by analogy, Comparison and
Contrast (alternating/block)
Development by Cause and Effect
Development by Classification
Development by definition
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Assignment
• Write a paragraph using the following as the
topic sentence
I remember the day when…
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Chapter V. Summarizing & Book
Report
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The summary
Book report
Generally speaking, a book report consists
of the following three main parts:
1. Information about the author and his times
2. A summary of the book
3. Comments on it
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The summary
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1.
2.
3.
Procedure
Reading ( to get the gist ---give a title---to decide which
parts are essential---to jot down the main points )
Writing (word limit--- your own words---follow the
logical order of the original passage---self-contained--conciseness: omit the details/ reduce the
examples/simplify the descriptions/ eliminate all
repetitions/ compress wordy sentences and change
phrases to words)
Revision (length/ mistakes/ punctuations)
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Examples
• His courage in battle might without exaggeration
be called lion-like.
• He was very brave in battle.
• The account the witness gave of the incident made
everyone that heard it laugh.
• The witness’s story was absurd.
• John fell into the river and, before help could
reach him, he sank.
• John was drowned in the river.
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• She brought home several Chinese and
English novels, a few copies of Times and
Newsweek, and some textbooks. She
intended to read all of them during the
winter vacation.
• Abridged: She brought home a lot of books
and magazines to read during the vacation.
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• Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: “You
use too much salt on your food, Paul--- it’s
not at all good for you!” Paul put down his
knife and frowned: “Why on earth not! If
you didn’t have salt on your food it would
taste awful… like eating cardboard or
sand… just imagine bread without salt in it,
or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!”
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• Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel
with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She
said firmly: “ But too much salt is bad for
you. It causes high blood pressure and later
on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the tastes
of food, the real tastes, which are much
more subtle than salt, and which we have
lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”
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• Abridged: Kate suggested to Paul that he
should eat less salt. She thought that eating
too much salt would do harm to Paul’s
health and that it could reduce the real tastes
of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that
food without salt would be tasteless.
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Chapter 6 Composing Essays
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Criteria of a Good Composition
Unity
Coherence
Variety
Appropriateness
Example P123.
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Steps in writing a composition
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Planning a composition
Writing the first draft
Revising the first draft
Making the final copy
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Step 1: planning
sufficient preparation:
to collect materials ;
to find a proper thesis;
to re-examine the list
and have a plan (outline)
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e.g. Topic: The School Library
• A large number of useful books
• All kinds of dictionaries and reference
books
• The reading rooms spacious and quite
• Newspaper and magazines
• The librarians patient and helpful
• Closed on Sundays and holidays
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• A little crowded in the evening
• Students leave books on chairs to reserve
seats
• Very few newspapers from abroad
• Seniors would not be able to write their
graduation papers without using the library
• Teachers go to the library frequently
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The possible theses
• The library is a nice place to work in.
• The library plays a very important part in a
student’s life.
• The work of the library needs improvement.
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Select one thesis and relevant
materials
• Topic: The School Library
• Thesis: the library plays a very important
part in a student’s life.
• Outline:
I. A student has to borrow books from the
library.
1.1 He needs reference books for his
elective courses.
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1.2 He may want to read novels, stories and
plays.
II. He reads newspapers and magazines in the
library.
2.1 Many new magazines are on display in the
reading room.
2.2 There are newspapers from all provinces.
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2.3 Back numbers may be borrowed at the
counter.
III. He needs the library all the more in his
junior and senior years.
3.1 The library provides him with books for
his research.
3.2 He would not be able to write his
graduation paper without using the library.
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Types of Outline
• Sentence outline
• Topic outline
• Mixture
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Step 2: writing the first draft
• It would be over-optimistic to presume that
he will have no more trouble and will be
able to finish the whole thing at once.
• Even an experienced writer may find it hard
to organize and express his ideas well.
• If departing from the outline at one place or
another, how to do?
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Step 3: Revising the first draft
• When he is writing the first draft, his
attention is focused on turning his ideas into
words. It will be only natural that some of
his sentences are not very well formed and
some of his words not very well chosen.
• Nearly all good writing is the result of much
revision.
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The checklist of revision(p131)
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1. content
2. organization
3.sentences
4.diction
5.mechanical mistakes (Students are
generally mindful of such mistakes.)
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Step 4: Making the Final Copy
• Manuscript form-based
• Finally, before handing it in, you should
check the final copy to correct the careless
mistakes.
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Assignment
• Developing a paragraph by example or
generalization (a person)
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Modal:
•
My little niece, a ten-month-old
baby, is the loveliest child I have ever
seen. Her face is like a red apple and
her eyes are like bright stars. When
you carry her in your arms, she likes to
put her arms around your neck. All the
grownups
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• in the family love her very much and
often try to make her smile. But quite
often it is she who makes us laugh.
Once I winked at her and she smiled.
When I did it again, she watched me
attentively. Then she tried to imitate.
While closed one eye to wink, she had
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• to close both eyes at the same time,
and then quickly opened them again.
And that was her way to wink. We all
burst into laughter. When we looked at
her again, she was staring us, puzzled,
as if she was asking: “What are you
laughing at?”
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Three Main Parts of a
Composition
• 1. Points to be noted for constructing the
opening paragraphs
• 1) a quotation: using the saying or proverb to lead
to the theme of the composition 引言法
• e.g. “Some books are to be tasted; others to be
swallowed; and some few to be chewed and
digested.” Perhaps this is the best advice on how
to read, given by Francis Bacon.
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• As an English saying goes, “Never put off
till tomorrow what you can do today.” To
make a good use of today is most
reasonable.
• As the proverb goes: “No one knows the
value of health until he loses it.” In other
words, nothing is more valuable than health.
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2) a statement (theme): 主题句法
One of life’s pleasures is friendship, and
one of life’s sorrows is the loss of such a
relationship. There are three common
causes for lost of friendship: betrayal,
boredom, and distance.
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3) A question: 提问法
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“Should men and women be equal?”
This is a question much talked by many
people. Some hold the opinion that…
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4) a definition: 定义法
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A strict vegetarian is a person who
never in his life eats anything derived
from animals.
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• 5) relevant background material: 相关背景
法
• My parental grandmother who lived with us
from the time my parents married until she
died in 1980.
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• 6)a shock: 惊语法
• If a person has a terrible secret, we may say
he has “a skeleton in the cupboard”. But the
only one I know who has a real skeleton in
the cupboard is George.
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• 7）从反面话题或例外开头(反差比较)
• Some of my friends can’t believe my car
still runs. Others laugh when they see it
parked outside the house and asked if it’s
an antique. But they aren’t being fair for
my fourteen-year-old Ford. In fact, my
“antique” has opened my eyes to the
rewards of owning an old car.
• 背景+ 事实+ 主题 （rewards and open my
eyes）
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• 仿写练习（长度相仿）：
• Some of my friends regard my interest in
Beijing Opera as old-fashioned.
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• We hear a lot about the negative effects of
television on the viewer. Obviously,
television can be harmful if it is watched
constantly to the exclusion of other
activities. However, when television is
watched in moderation, it is extremely
valuable, as it provides relaxation,
entertainment and education.
• 仿写练习：We hear a lot about the
negative effects of advertisements on the
customers.
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• 这种构思手段在评论事务的好坏论述事
务的正反、评价差异方面是十分有效的。
借助于“转折词” but however
nevertheless but more on the contrary on
the other hand 等。
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The writing of concluding
paragraphs
• 1) summary 2) restate the theme 3) wish
suggestion or anticipation
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• 1) 总结式 对全文直接概括，或重申已提出的重
要内容。
• The total effect of most TV is dangerous. It’s time
to…
• 2) 引语法 All of us wish for a bright future and
hope to master a useful career. Those who persist
in remaining in idleness will never fulfill their
ambitions. “No pains, no gains” is a motto with
much meaning.
• In particular, I enjoy what Francis Bacon said:
“Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for
ability.”
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• 3) 反问法 Isn’t it strange if we still stick to
such odd ideas?
• 4) 提出希望或展望未来
• In a very near future, no doubt, the
computer will play a more important role in
people’s daily life.
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3、The middle part
• A natural and logical follow-up of the
beginning.
• The body of a paper consists 2-3pagraphs
in logical order.
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练习：Is It Wise to Have English
Writing Class in a Computer Lab?
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• I was exited when my English composition
teacher announced that computers would be
a major part of our writing course. I was
thrilled while touring the computer lab to
see the magical-looking machines with their
glowing green screens. But one month later,
I have had some second thoughts. I now
believe that computers are a bad idea in the
writing classroom.
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• The computer doesn’t help me plan a paper.
• The computer requires too much time and
trouble to use.
• The computer has changed my teacher
from an instructor to a technician.
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• In conclusion, it may be wise to take
another look at the use of the computer in
college writing courses. At first glance the
computer offers excitement and a world of
promise, but I think there’s a serious
question about whether it actually improves
students’ writing.
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III. How to Accomplish the
Advanced Level Study as to
English-Majors ?
• Knowledge（to be fond of reading）
• Ability （to be good at thinking）
• communication（to be skilled in
interacting）
• perseverance（to be able to persevere）
• 会读书 善思考 长沟通 能坚持
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谁能猜出船长的年纪
• （《读者》2002年第21期）
•
这是一件真实而又引人深思的事。
一位法国教育心理学专家在上海给孩子们出了
一道题目：一艘船上有86头牛，34只羊，问这
艘船的船长年纪有多大？
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结果90%的学生给出的答案是86－34=52岁。
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只有10%的学生认为此题荒谬
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苏霍姆林斯基
教育是什么？教育就是过了若干年后，那
些教的知识都忘掉了，留下的东西就是
教育，就是素质。
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Learn to question
• 交友要于有疑处无疑，
读书要于无疑处有疑。
•胡适语
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Learn to be cooperative
• 《学记》中写道：“独学而无友，则孤
陋寡闻”
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“三人行必有我师”
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“听君一席话胜读十年书”
• 《劝学篇》中也写到：“学莫便乎近其
人”
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Learn to read
• He was betrayed by a kiss.
• It’s catch-22, isn’t it?
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Learn to communicate with your
supervisor/teachers
• Politeness & distance
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Politeness
• There are three things that affect the way in
which communication takes place:
Power
Ranking of
Imposition
Social Distance
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Distance
• The language we use reflects our awareness of the
social distance between us and the hearer.
• The greater the distance between the hearer and the
speaker, the greater the need for politeness.
POLITENESS
SOCIAL DISTANCE
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Learn to question
Learn to be cooperative
Learn to read
Learn to communicate
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