Transcript Protestantism

Protestantism
1517-1900 C.E.
By Katie Zheng, Naveena Karusala,
and Amanda Richards
People of Protestantism
Martin Luther (1483 CE-1546 CE)
John Calvin (1509 CE1564 CE)
King Henry VIII of England (1491
CE-1547 CE)
Oliver Cromwell (1599
CE-1658 CE)
John Knox (1505 CE-1572 CE)
Dr. David Livingstone (1813 CE-1873 CE)
Protestant Statistics
U.S. Religious Denominations, 1948-2004
(GALLUP)
More Protestant Statistics
Branch
Number of Adherents
Catholic
968,000,000
Protestant
395,867,000
Other Christians
275,583,000
Orthodox
217,948,000
Anglicans
70,530,000
U.S. Religious Denomination, 2004 (GALLUP)
Number of Adherents to Different Branches of Christianity,
1995 (Encyclopaedia Britannica)
Maps of the
Spread of Protestantism
Europe before Lutheran Revolution (1517)
Europe after Lutheran Revolution (1560)
Maps Continued…
Different Christian Religions in Europe, 1550 (Nazareth College)
Regional Impact - Europe
Politics
The Reformation
forced the Catholic
Church to adjust itself in
order to regain control
of the public.
Wars of religion often
started between
Catholics and
Protestants for secular
or religious reasons.
Intellectual Innovation
In the book The
Institutes of the
Christian Religion¸ John
Calvin explained how
the Bible portrayed the
nature of theology.
Public debates became
prominent as a means
for Protestants to spread
their ideas.
Technology
The printing press was key in
the spread of Luther’s ideas, as it
helped to gain the support of
German leaders as well as spread
the religion around the world.
Religion
The Protestant
Reformation,
spearheaded by Martin
Luther, encouraged
people to focus on their
belief God rather than
be devoted to the popes’
authority.
Economy
King Henry VIII of England
followed in the footsteps of
other Protestant rulers, taking
down convents and monasteries
and selling their land to fund
his navy.
Arts and Architecture
Calvinists worshiped
in churches that lacked
musical instruments,
stained-glass windows,
and other adornments.
In most countries
(with England and
Germany as later
exceptions), religious
art was not tolerated.
Society
John Calvin’s followers lived
simply, wearing unadorned clothes
and worshiping in plain churches.
Protestants advocated marriage
and ignored the tradition of
celibate nuns and priests.
Male dominance was still
prevalent.
Regional Impact – North
America
Politics
The Protestant
Reformation helped
further the French and
the English settlements
in North America.
Since were founded by
immigrants, North
American churches
were more conservative
than those in Europe.
Intellectual Innovation
The Second Great
Awakening (1790-1840)
in North America
resulted in the
promotion of religious
education in schools.
Technology
Protestantism’s spread to
North America was made
possible by an improvement in
shipbuilding and other
maritime technology.
Religion
Europeans brought
their religions with them
when they began to
colonize North America.
In the 17th century,
Protestants began
organizing missions in
America.
Economy
Europeans colonized America
for the purpose of obtaining
natural resources or labor, and
justified their actions by doing
them in the name of Jesus Christ.
Arts and Architecture
For a long time, the
cross was considered a
perverted symbol rather
than one of redemption
because of its
association with the
Catholics.
Society
Protestants disrupted the extended
family structure of the Native
Americans in their attempt to teach
the natives European customs.
The First Great Awakening
(1730s) in North America
influenced new groups, including
slaves, to adopt Protestant beliefs.
Regional Impact – Africa
Politics
European and
American slaves were
freed for the purpose of
traveling to Africa and
spreading Protestantism;
this was only mildly
successful.
Intellectual Innovation
Livingstone’s
expeditions were
notable because he was
generally unobtrusive,
and usually welcomed
warmly. Other
expeditions were
comparably larger and
less peaceful.
Technology
David Livingstone, a Scottish
missionary who intended to
spread religion in Africa, is
responsible for mapping the
Zambezi and Congo Rivers and
naming the Victoria Falls.
Religion
Despite the roles of the
missionaries in Africa,
the Protestant
population remained
relatively small until
much later than 1900.
Economy
The discovery of the mouth of
the Niger River encouraged
Europeans to trade in Africa,
especially slave traders.
Areas in Africa with more
Protestants seem to have had
greater economic growth rates.
Arts and Architecture
Around the 18th
century, blacks were
able to be ordained,
after which they built
and led their own
churches.
Society
Protestants made a point of
educating the blacks in South
Africa because all humans’ souls
had equal value in the minds of the
missionaries.
Regional Impact – India
Politics
Anti-colonialist
organization formed in
response to the cultural
changes the Protestants
were attempting to
make in Indian society.
Intellectual Innovation
The Serampur
mission, one of three
important Protestantism
missions to India,
emphasized the
importance of education
and journalism in the
area.
Technology
Missionaries’ use of the
printing press allowed it to gain
prominence in India as well as
other areas.
Religion
Protestantism became
more popular in India
because missionaries
decided to translate the
Bible into several Indian
languages.
Economy
Because they were not funded
by any state churches in India,
Protestants helped give rise to
voluntary work.
Arts and Architecture
Indian churches were
characterized by their
altars and statues, as
well as other important
additions.
Society
Missionaries considered
themselves above the notice of the
lower castes and only concerned
themselves with the wealthier
people.
Protestants tried to change
society by banning widowburning and improving behavior
toward “Untouchables”.
Regional Impact – East Asia
Politics
Counter-Protestantism
organizations emerged
in places like China,
Korea, and Japan in the
same way they did in
India.
Intellectual Innovation
Just as they did in
India, Protestant
missionaries developed
schools in countries
such as China.
The missionaries
educated students in
religious texts as well as
history and science.
Technology
Mass printing was
extremely important, as the
Protestants believed that the
Bible could be translated to
any language without losing
its original message.
Missionaries introduced
Western medicine to the
Chinese.
Religion
Protestantism led to
voluntary organizations
being formed among
other religious groups in
areas such as China and
Japan.
Economy
The Protestant Reformation in
Europe was accompanied by
increased trade opportunity in
the East.
Arts and Architecture
Portuguese
missionaries used
Chinese images and
symbols to express their
ideas.
Society
Protestant fundamentalists generally
followed the tradition of remaining
separated from social gatherings or
celebrations, which sometimes clashed
with other religions such as Buddhism.
Protestants helped to dispel the
tradition of foot binding among
Chinese women.
Girls were also offered an education.
Chronology
Early 1500’s- Ideas of Humanism first began questioning the nature and
scope of the church and its leaders.
1517- Protestant Reformation begins with Martin Luther opposing the
Catholic Church by writing the 95 Theses in protest against false doctrine and
simony (buying positions in church).
1518- Luther is able to explain his views at Heidelburg Disputation, gaining
more followers, especially in Germany
1519- Huldrych Zwingli begins reformation against Catholic church in
Switzerland
1520- Luther gains substantial support through his 3 famous treaties.
1521- Luther is finally excommunicated by the papacy .
1528- The Reformation takes hold of Denmark-Norway, where Lutheranism is
now official.
1530- Augsburg Confession , a definition of Lutheran doctrine, is composed
by Philipp Melanchthon, another major reformer alongside Luther.
1536- John Calvin develops Calvinism, starts Second Reformation
Chronology Continued…
1545-1563- Council of Trent formed by Catholics to oppose Reformation by
defining Christianity
1553-1558- Reformers face opposition from Queen Mary I of England,
reversed later by Elizabeth I
1562-1598- French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants, St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1649-1650- Oliver Cromwell justifies military campaign in Ireland by
emphasizing their massacre of Protestants.
1655-1677- Peak of “Lutheran Scholasticism”- a method used to teach the
Lutheran faith
1800’s- Oppressed German Lutherans emigrate to U.S., where numerous
Lutheran churches were organized. The first African- American reform church
is founded by Richard Allen.
1968- 450 years later, 6 million visitors of all religions, including
Protestantism, travel across the world to see the Virgin Mary in Egypt.
Change over Time
The official Protestant Reformation was started in 1517 by
Martin Luther as a movement against the already established
Catholic Church.
In 1534, Protestants and Catholics had to set aside differences to
address the issue of the Melchiorites, an inflammatory religious
sect that invaded Munster, Germany. This resulted in more
cooperation between Catholics and Protestants.
By the 1540’s, the Reform had triggered the Counter Reform
focused on changing the Church itself from within. Its policies
conflicted with Protestant doctrine, undoing any compromises
made so far. Europe was no longer unified by religion.
By the turn of the 16th century, John Calvin had started the
Second Reformation by developing the doctrine of Calvinism in
The Institutes of the Christian Religion. He was the one who
rallied Swiss and French reformers, propagating the Reform
throughout Europe.
Comparisons
Whereas the Roman Catholics in the early 16th century
(1500s?) based their beliefs around the pope and his
authority, Martin Luther wanted people to remain focused
on God’s word in the Bible.
Despite their differences, both Protestants and Catholics
shared local customs and traditions, as evidenced by the
witch-hunts in which both groups participated.
While Lutherans retained some aspects of Catholic religion
such as altars and the clergy’s vestments, Calvinists
rejected anything that suggested the importance of a pope.
In the early 18th century, England, the United States, and
India were all influenced by Protestant missionaries who
were independent of a state church.
Comparisons Continued…
Many countries, including India, China, and Egypt,
spawned activist groups in order to combat the Protestant
reforms that were being made to their cultures.
In both India and East Asia, the appearance of Protestant
missionaries who were not connected to a state-funded
church caused an increase in voluntary organizations in
other religions.
A public sphere emerged in both America and in Europe as
a result of the Protestants’ frequent theological debates.
Protestant churches in America, Asia, and Africa tended to
be more conservative than the liberal European churches.
Protestantism’s
Role in Society Today
There are four “mainline” forms of Protestantism today:
Episcopalians, Methodists, Lutherans, and Presbyterians.
Today, there are about 500,000,000 Protestants in the
world.
There is much debate amongst Protestants over
controversial social issues (i.e. gay marriage, abortion,
capital punishment, etc.), leading to “liberal” Protestants
and “conservative” Protestants.
“Liberal” and “conservative” Protestants can also refer to
differing views on religious ceremony and meaning.
For a while, there has been a misconception of modern-day
Protestantism being an aging religion, with an older
demographic. However, younger people are also part of the
Protestant demographic.
The Roles
Katie Zheng:
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Part 3: Maps, charts, and images
Part 5: Role of Protestantism in today’s world
Naveena Karusala:
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Part 2: Chronology
Part 4: Change over Time
Amanda Richards:
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Part 1: Spread and impact of Protestantism on regions
Part 4: Comparisons