Transcript Slide 1

Welcome to Biology With Mr. Deveney
PLEASE DO NOW
• Pick up papers and Folders, on
the far board think of one word
that you associate with Science
Today’s Class
•
•
•
•
Introduction to the Scientific Journal
The Three Goals of Science
Prefixes and Suffixes the Language of Biology
Use Prefixes and Suffixes to define unfamiliar
Words
Goals of Science
• Analyze the natural world
• The natural world is all things not created by humans
• Engineering is the study of man-made devices
• Science and Engineering are closely related by the
methods which they are studied
• To collect and organize data
• Propose explanations that can be tested
• The Scientific Method was Created to explain this
Branches of Biology
• Mycology- fungi
• Ecology- environment
• Physiology- function of
living things
• Taxonomy- classification
of living things
• Bryology- moss
• Microbiology- small living
things
• Ornithology- birds
• Anatomy- structure of
living things
• Graminology- grasses
• Genetics- heredity
• Ichthyology- fish
• Entomology- insects
• Zoology- animals
• Herpetology- reptiles
• Cytology- cells
• Botany- plants
Hypothesis
• A prediction about the results of the
experiment based on the independent
variable. What you expect to happen
based on observations
Independent Variable
• The variable that is purposefully changed
by the experimenter. (What is different
about each group)
Dependent Variable
• The response (effect or results) of the
independent variable. (How you are
measuring what is different)
Controlled Variables
• All factors that remain the same
Example Experiment
• In the early 1660s the Theory of "Spontaneous
Generation" prevailed. Spontaneous Generation, means
that people believed that living things came from nonliving things. For example, many people noticed that
around butcher shops there were often a lot of flies. So
naturally, people thought that flies come from the meat.
However, a scientist name Francesco Redi thought
otherwise. He designed the experiment described below.
He placed meat in three different jars that were the same
shape and size and left the jars on his balcony. One jar he
covered with paper (making a lid), allowing no air to get
it, one jar he covered with gauze (like plastic wrap), which
allowed air to get in, but kept other things out, and in
another jar he left open.
Results
Results
• He noticed that the jar that he left open had flies in
the jar and all over meat. The jar was paper had no
flies in the jar or on the paper. The jar with the
gauze had no flies in the jar, but maggots (baby
flies) on the gauze.
• What can we conclude about Francesco’s
hypothesis
Confounding Factors
• An unaccounted for factor in the experiment.
(Sources of error
Control
• The standard for comparing experimental
effects. The part of the experiment where the
independent variable is removed.
Repeated Trials
• Experimental repetitions (can be objects, tests
or # of organisms)
Notebook for August 29
• Pick up yesterday’s folder, have your class
materials out, turn in Parental Contact
• Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what
was the main point, what questions do you
have, something your learned)
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (define and
analyze the Characteristics of Life) and write
examples of traits all living things have in
common
Spongbob Science
• Get back together with your groups and go to
the station you were working on last.
• Finish the Spongebob activity
Characteristics of Life
• Get a book from the back lab area
• Write down the 8 characteristics of Life in your
journal (found on page 16)
• Examine the brown substance in the front of
the room
• Describe something you could do to
determine if it was alive or not
• Do you think it is alive
Honors Note book for 9/3
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Explain what
the terms observation and inference mean
what is the difference)
• Make one observation and inference about
yourself that you would be willing to share
with the class
Notebook for September 3rd
• Reflect on what we did Thursday in class (what
was the main point, what questions do you
have, something your learned)
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Explain what
the terms observation and inference mean what
is the difference)
• Make one observation and inference about
yourself
What is Science?
• Science-the process of investigating and trying to
understand the natural world, by finding explanations
and using explanations to make predictions.
• Science begins with “observations”
Data-information gathered from observations.
1. Quantitative-numerical data
(graphs, tables, mathematical equations)
2. Qualitative-non-numerical data
(Pictures, the color, texture, or appearance of something)
Hypothesis vs. Inference
Scientists may use data to make an inference.
• Inference-a logical interpretation based on prior
knowledge or experience.
– Ex: Researchers testing water for pollution cannot test
every drop. If all drops come back clean, they may
infer that all water is safe to drink.
– If it is snowing outside, you may infer that it is cold.
Observations of the Natural World
• Clover (Trifolium)
• Quantitative Observation
• Most clover has three leaves
• Qualitative Observations
• Clover has green leaves and
produces a white flower
• Inference
• Clover is a plant
Going Outside
• Bring your notebook and a writing utensil
• In your notbook, by the end of the period you
must identify 8 different living organisms
• You must make 5 observations about the living
organism. At least one must be qualitative and
one must be quantitative.
• You must make three inference about the
organism
Going Outside
•
•
•
•
Single file and quiet in the school
Don’t wander off, stay on school grounds
No electronic devices
I will call us back in 5-10 minutes before the
bell, Turn your notebook in so I can see what
you got done in class today
CP Biology
• Today we have two items to accomplish before
we begin our first laboratory experiment
1. Write down the 8 characteristics of Life in your
journal (found on page 16 of the textbook) Period 7
Only
2. Find and label the twenty safety/classroom items on
your handout
3. With your groups Identify what you want your
independent variable to be in our first experiment
Notebook for September 4
• Pick up your Folder, and three papers in the
front of the room
• Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what
was the main point, what questions do you
have, something your learned)
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (What Safety
Procedures must we follow in the Lab)
• Read the West Perry School District Lab and
Safety Procedures
Notebook for September 4
• Pick up your Folder, the four papers and your
computer
• Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what
was the main point, what questions do you
have, something your learned)
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (What Safety
Procedures must we follow in the Lab)
• Read the West Perry School District Lab and
Safety Procedures
Honors/CP Biology
• Lab Groups will be assigned to you
• Today orient yourself to the classroom Label
your map with the twenty items found in the
room
• Today read Lab, Tomorrow finish prelab
questions, Friday complete experiment
• In your groups identify your independent
variable for the experiment
Notebook for September 5
• Pick up your Folder, and your lab paper, Sign Up
for Your Computer
• Reflect on what we did yesterday in class (what
was the main point, what questions do you
have, something your learned)
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Relate the yeast
experiment to the eight characteristics of life
and identify the variables in the experiment)
• Logon to the Computer
Factors Effecting Yeast Fermentation
• Factors affecting fermentation - Slower fermentation is
best for the development of flavor and gluten strength in
Bread
1. Temperature of the room
2. Amount of yeast
3. Presence of salt; typical Percent is 1.8 to 2.5 when baking
bread
4. Amount of sugar
5. Type of sugar
6. pH optimal pH is acidic 4 to 6.
7. Presence of spices that can serve as antimicrobial agents;
Most spices, have antimicrobial activity, such as
cinnamon and can slow fermentation.
USA Test Prep
• Today we need to get accounts setup on USA
Test Prep and you need to join my class
• Go to (www.usatestprep.com)
• Create account
– Account ID: westperrypa
– Student Activation Code: newton51
• Join Class
What is wrong with these Sentences
We kept the honey bees in a humidified chamber
at room temperature overnight.
We heated the solution to 90°C for
approximately 30 minutes and then allowed it
to cool.
Put it in Passive Voice
• The honey bees were kept in a humidified
chamber at room temperature overnight.
• The solution was heated to 90°C for
approximately 30 minutes and then allowed
to cool.
Passive Voice
• Choose the passive voice when:
1. The performer is unknown, irrelevant, or
obvious.
2. The performer is less important than the
action.
3. The recipient is the main topic.
Third Person Passive Voice
Examples of passive voice in lab reports
Correct:
200mL of distilled water was poured into a 500 mL
beaker.
Incorrect:
• I poured 200mL of distilled water in a beaker.
(active voice)
• Pour 200mL water in a beaker.
(direction/command)
Third Person Passive Voice
Examples of passive voice in lab reports
Correct:
• The covered crucible was mounted on a ring
stand.
Incorrect:
• We put the crucible on a ring stand. (active voice)
• Set the crucible on a ring stand.
(direction/command)
Third Person Passive Voice
• You are taught in English class to never write
in this way. The reason for this is that the goal
of writing in that class is to create a narrative.
• In science we want to remove the actors and
the action. We want the experiment to stand
on its own. It does not matter who completes
the actions just how they are done
Complete the Prelab Individually
• Use your Computer and Prior Knowledge to
answer the Prelab questions
• If you do not finish the Prelab it is your
homework
• If you do not finish the Prelab you will not be
allowed to participate in the lab and you lose
20% of your grade
Notebook for September 9th
•
•
•
•
•
Pick up your Folder
Make sure your journals are in your folder
Reflect on what we did in class Friday(Lab)
Write: Today’s Date
Write down Essential Question (what are the
essential Parts of a lab report )
• Honors/CP get Computers
Title
• A great title has the following
• Independent Variable
• Dependent Variable
• Organism Studied
– And might have the following
» System used
» Science concepts covered
» If all else fails
»What is the effect of [independent variable] on [dependent variable]? (Ex.
What is the effect of light on the growth of plants?)
Pre-Lab Notes
• Your Pre-Lab notes need to be revised and
answered correctly
• They will be a major part of your grade on the
lab and will be graded for correctness
• A well done pre-lab will overlap with other
sections of the lab report
• At times you will be asked to write an
introduction. For this lab your prelab will
serve as the introduction
Results
• We calculated the circumference. You will
graph that change over time
• Graphs and tables have captions and titles
• In the caption state the trend do not explain
the trend.
• Honors- We will calculate the # of molecules
of gas produced in the lab. (CP this will be
worth 5 points extra credit if completed)
Discussion
• For the purposes of the first lab the discussion
is broken into two parts
– Analysis Questions- These are like your prelab and
will be written as question and answer format
– Conclusion written as paragraphs can add your
own information
References
• APA format
• You must cite at least one source
Notebook for September 10th
• Reflect on what we did yesterday
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Why do
Scientist use charts and graphs to display data)
• Honors/CP get Computers
Notebook for September 11th
•
•
•
•
Pick up Folder, Journal, and Lab Activity Paper
Reflect on what we did yesterday
Write: Today’s Date
Write down Essential Question (Explain how
we determine if an organism is alive)
• Answer Do Now: on lab activity paper
Characteristics of Life
• In Order to be living, organisms should display
the following.
1. Made up of Cells
2. Uses energy
3. Maintains Internal environment
4. Grows
5. Adapts to changes in outside environment
6. Response to Stimuli
7. Reproduces
8. Universal Genetic Code (DNA and RNA)
Notebook for September 12th
•
•
•
•
Pick up Folder, Journal, and Activity Paper
Reflect on what we did yesterday
Write: Today’s Date
Write down Essential Question (Explain how
we Group and Organize Life)
• Lab Report Due Monday
• Lab Report Due Monday
LAB REPORT DUE MONDAY
Explain how we Group and Organize
Life
•
•
•
•
•
Group the 12 cards from largest to smallest
Write the ten living terms on your pyramid
On side two define the term
On side three give one example
Then in your journal write the terms and give
5 examples to show your understanding
• Finish the activity from yesterday
• Answer the EQ from today
Notebook for September 17
• Pick up and staple the three microscope lab
papers and References sheet
• Reflect on what we did yesterday
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Explain how
to properly use a microscope)
• In your journal today: Define Microscope
Microscope
• A device that produces magnified images of
structures that are too small to see with the
unaided eye.
• Final Lab Report Due 9/20
Honors Students
• No Classwork Journal Today
• Fill out weekly progress report
• Pick up references page
Notebook for September 16th
• Reflect on what we did yesterday
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (Analyze the
important parts of the scientific
process/method)
• Staple the peer review sheets to the front of
your lab report and write you name on them.
Mark if you want It written on and corrected or
not
• Write one Part of the scientific Process in your
notebook
Notebook for September 17th
• Pick up folder and microscope label from front
table
• Reflect on what we did yesterday
• Write: Today’s Date
• Write down Essential Question (How do we
prepare a glass slide for examination )
Scientific Theory
• An explanation of scientific facts that is well
tested and unifies a broad range of scientific
topics. It has withstood all attempts to
disprove it.
Scientific Law
• A description of the patterns of behavior that
found in nature. How nature behaves
Notebook for September 19th
•
•
•
•
Pick up Folder, Journal
Reflect on what we did yesterday
Write: Today’s Date
Write down Essential Question (What are the
five stages of Development)
• In journal copy down notes 5 stages of
Development
• Test Friday!!!
Stages of Development
• Development-Series of orderly changes that occur in
an organism’s life.
• 5 Stages of Development(common to all ):
1. Beginning-fertilization of egg or split in asexual
reproduction
2. Growth-the number/size of cells increases
3. Maturity-the number of cells is not increasing. Cells are
being replaced and repaired.
4. Decline-Cells are no longer being repaired or replaced.
5. Death-All cell activity ceases.
Types of Microscopes
Microscopes-devices that produce magnified images
of structures that are to small to see with the
unaided eye.
Compound Light Microscopes-allow light to pass
through a thin specimen of an image to produce an
images.
•
•
•
•
•
Most common
Magnification=4-1000x
Resolution=good
Advantages-Can view live organisms, cheaper
Disadvantages=Can’t see 3-D, magnification not as good
Light Microscope
Electron Microscopes
• Transmission Electron-shine a beam of
electrons through a thin specimen.
•
•
•
•
•
Magnification=200,000 x (internal)
Resolution= very good
Magnifies by beams of electrons
Advantages=extreme resolution inside of organisms
Disadvantages=can’t see 3-D, can’t view live organisms
because requires a vacuum.
Transmission Electron Microscope
Electron Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscope-scan a narrow
beam of electrons back and forth over the
surface of a specimen.
•
•
•
•
•
Magnification=500,000 x surface
Resolution=very good
Magnifies by electrons
Advantages=can view whole organisms
Disadvantages=can only view surface of dead
organisms.
Microscope Types
• Scanning Probe Microscope-forms images of surfaces by
scanning a probe over the surface of the specimen.
•
•
•
•
Magnification= 10,000,000x
Resolution=extremely good
Uses a scanning probe to magnify image
Advantages=can see details of very small images (not constrained to the
wavelength of light or electrons.)-still being developed with “Nanoscience”
• Disadvantages=smaller pictures, possibly longer wait time for image, some
probes better than others
Scanning Probe Microscope
Practice Microscope Questions
• Which microscope type is best for viewing
living things
– A. Compound Light Microscope
– B. Transmission Electron Microscope
– C. Scanning Electron Microscope
– D. Scanning Probe Microscope
Practice Microscope Questions
• Which microscope type is best for viewing
living things
– A. Compound Light Microscope
– B. Transmission Electron Microscope
– C. Scanning Electron Microscope
– D. Scanning Probe Microscope
Practice Microscope Questions
• Which microscope type has the greatest
magnification
– A. Compound Light Microscope
– B. Transmission Electron Microscope
– C. Scanning Electron Microscope
– D. Scanning Probe Microscope
Practice Microscope Questions
• Which microscope type has the greatest
magnification
– A. Compound Light Microscope
– B. Transmission Electron Microscope
– C. Scanning Electron Microscope
– D. Scanning Probe Microscope
8 characteristics of living things
Living things share the following characteristics:
1. Made up of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Have DNA (genetic code)
4. Grow and develop
5. Obtain and use materials and energy
6. Respond to their environment
7. Maintain stable, internal environment by homeostasis
8. As a group, change over time
Notebook for September 19th
•
•
•
•
Pick up Folder, Journal,
Reflect on what we did yesterday
Write: Today’s Date
Write down Essential Question (What do you
need to do to prepare yourself for the test)