Transcript Английский словарный состав как система

Английский словарный состав как
система. Омонимия. Синонимические и
антонимические отношения в языке.
Комплексная цель: ввести понятие лексической системы,
постоянно развивающейся и пополняющейся новыми
словами, дать определение неологизмов историзмов,
архаизмов, омонимов, рассмотреть источники их
возникновения и классификацию, роль и назначение
синонимов как выразительно-экспрессивных средств
словарного состава современного английского языка.
Определение синонимов, их классификации. Антонимы, их
классификации. Различные группировки слов (ЛСГ, ЛГР,
поля). Определение тематических и идеографических групп,
семантических и словообразовательных полей,
терминологической системы.
Оbjective reality represents a very
complicated system consisting of
objects and phenomena which are
interrelated and interdependent; this
system finds its reflection in language.
The term system denotes not merely •
the total of English words but also a
set of elements associated and
functioning together according to
certain laws.
• The vocabulary of a language is an adaptive
system constantly adjusting itself to the
changing requirements and conditions of human
communication and cultural surroundings.
• The term system denotes a coherent
homogeneous whole constituted by
interdependent elements of the same order
related in certain specific ways.
• A lexical opposition is the semantically
relevant relationship of partial difference
between two partially similar words. The features
that the two contrasted words possess in
common form the basis of a lexical opposition
(e.g. pool, lake, sea, ocean - variation for size).
Without a basis of similarity no comparison and
no opposition are possible.
• In general there are two basic principles of
grouping words together according to the
properties of their content side. They are:
• To classify words proceeding from the basic
types of semantic relations.
• To group words together starting off with
associations connecting the given words with
other vocabulary units.
• According to these principles of classifying
linguistic units the following semantic
classes (or categories) can be singled out:
synonyms, lexical and terminological sets,
lexico-semantic groups, semantic fields,
antonyms.
• In 1944, a new song called ‘Is You Is, or Is
You Ain’t My Baby’ was released in the
US.
• Essentially the song asks “are you or
aren’t you being true to me?”
Russian word
English translation
English false friend
English meaning
ангина
tonsillitis
angina
severe chest pain
фабрика
factory
fabric
cloth
стул
chair
stool
footstool
конкурс
competition
concourse
coming together
шеф
boss, leader
chef
expert cook
лунатик
sleep-walker
lunatic
insane
магазин
shop or store
magazine
periodical
гимназия
grammar school
gymnasium
sports hall
кабинет
office or study
cabinet
cupboard
• Other Russian-English false friends
include аккуратный vs. accurate, артист
vs. artist, аудитория vs. auditorium,
декорация vs. decoration,
интеллигентный vs. intelligent,
комплекция vs. complexion, композитор
vs. compositor, марка vs. mark, новелла
vs. novel, оператор vs. operator,
проспект vs. prospect, фамилий vs.
family, физик vs. physique and dozens
Two or more words identical in sound form,
spelling but different in meaning, distribution
and in many cases in origin are called
homonyms
• Greek homos — 'similar' and onoma — 'name',
and thus expresses the sameness of name
combined with the difference in meaning.
• The most widely accepted classification of
homonyms is that recognizing homonyms proper,
homophones and homographs.
• 1. Homonyms proper are words identical in their
sound-form and spelling but different in meaning.
• 2. Homophones are words of the same soundform but of different spelling and meaning.
• 3. Homographs are words different in sound-form
and in meaning but identical in spelling.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Byte bite
Hear here
Sense cents scents
Ate
eight
Czech check cheque
Cell
sell
Clothes close
Cereal serial
Chews chose
• Synonyms are usually defined as words
belonging to one part of speech, close in
meaning and interchangeable at least in
some contexts. Synonyms are
characterized by either the semantic
relations of equivalence or by the semantic
relations of proximity.
• The highest degree of proximity is observed in
synonyms which have similar denotational
aspects but differ either in the connotational (1)
or the pragmatic (2) aspect of meaning.
• famous meaning 'known widely, having fame‘
notorious which is defined as 'widely known
because of smth. bad, for example for being
criminal, violent, immoral'. Thus, the word
famous implies a positive emotive evaluation,
and the word notorious — negative.
• The difference in the pragmatic value of words is
found in a far greater number of words than the
difference in the connotational aspect. It can be
observed in synonymic pairs consisting of a
native and a borrowed word. In most cases the
native word is more informal, whereas the
foreign word has a learned or abstract air:
brotherly —fraternal.
• Taking into account the difference of synonyms by the three aspects
of their meaning they may be classified into stylistic, ideographic
and ideographic-stylistic synonyms.
• Stylistic synonymy implies no interchangeability in context
because the underlying situations are different, e.g. children —
infants, dad — father.
• Ideographic synonymy presents a still lower degree of semantic
proximity and is observed when the connotational and the pragmatic
aspects are similar, but there are certain differences in the
denotational aspect of meaning of two words, e.g. forest — wood,
apartment —flat, shape — form.
• Ideographic-stylistic synonymy is characterized by the lowest
degree of semantic proximity. This type of synonyms includes
synonyms which differ both in the denotational and the
connotational and/or the pragmatic aspects of meaning, e.g. ask —
inquire, expect — anticipate.
• I have always liked you very much, I
admire your talent, but forgive me, - I
could never love you as a wife should love
her husband.
• Was she a pretty girl?
I would certainly have called her attractive.
• Think you can play Romeo? Romeo
should smile, not grin, walk, not swagger,
speak his lines, not mumble them.
To look
•
•
•
•
•
•
To stare + steadily, lastingly+ in surprise
To glare + steadily, lastingly + in anger
To gaze + steadily, lastingly + admiration
To glance + briefly
To peer + steadily, lastingly+ by stealth
with
difficulty
TYPES OF CONNOTATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Degree or intensity (to like)
Duration (to look)
Emotive (alone-lonely)
Evaluative (to sparkle-to glitter)
Manner (to stroll –to swagger)
Stylistic (to be off, to clear out, to hoof it, to
take the air, to retire, to withdraw
• Each synonymic group comprises a dominant element.
This synonymic dominant is the most general term
potentially containing the specific features rendered by
all the other members of the synonymic group. In the
series leave — depart — quit — retire — clear out the
verb leave, being general and both stylistically and
emotionally neutral, can stand for each of the other four
terms. The other four can replace leave only when some
specific semantic component prevails over the general
notion.
• Words denoting different things correlated on
extralinguistic grounds form lexical sets
(предметные или тематические группы).
Depending on the type of the notional area
lexical sets may acquire a more specialized
character, e.g. names of 'musical instruments':
piano, organ, violin, drum; names of parts of the
car mechanism': radiator, motor, handbrake,
wheels. Such classes of words are called
terminological sets (терминологические
группы).
• Words describing different sides of one and the
same general notion are united in a lexicosemantic group if
• the underlying notion is not too generalized and
all-embracing, like the notions of 'time', 'space',
'life', 'process', etc.;
• the reference to the underlying notion is not just
an implication in the meaning of the lexical unit
but forms an essential part in its semantics
• If the underlying notion is broad enough to
include almost all-embracing sections of
vocabulary we deal with semantic fields. For
example, the words cosmonaut (п.), spacious
(adj.), to orbit (v.) belong to the semantic field of
'space'.
• The starting point of the theory of semantic fields
and lexico-semantic groups was J. Trier's work
(a German linguist; the beginning of the 20th
century) on intellectual terms in Old and Middle
High German.
• Antonyms — a class of words grouped together
on the basis of the semantic relations of
opposition. Antonyms are words belonging to
one part of speech sharing certain common
semantic characteristics and in this respect they
are similar to such semantic classes as
synonyms, lexical sets, lexico-semantic groups.
There exist different classifications of antonyms.
•
•
•
•
•
Structurally, antonyms can be divided into antonyms of the same root
(1), e.g. to do — to undo, cheerful — cheerless; and antonyms of
different roots (2), e.g. day — night, rich — poor.
Semantically, antonyms may be classified into contradictories,
contraries and incompatibles.
Contradictories represent the type of semantic relations that exist
between pairs like, for example, dead — alive, single — married.
Contradictory antonyms are mutually opposed, they deny one another.
Contradictories form a privative binary opposition, they are members of
two-term sets.
Contraries are antonyms that can be arranged into a series according
to the increasing difference in one of their qualities. The most distant
elements of this series will be classified as contrary notions. Contraries
are gradable antonyms, they are polar members of a gradual
opposition which may have intermediate elements. This may be
observed in cold — hot and cool — warm which are intermediate
members.
Incompatibles are antonyms which are characterized by the relations
of exclusion. Semantic relations of incompatibility exist among
antonyms with a common component of meaning and may be
described as the reverse of hyponymy. For example, to say morning is
to say not afternoon, not evening, not night.