Transcript www.nova.edu

APA Basics for FSEHS Students
Hot off the press in 2009!
Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
6th ed.
http://www.schoolofed.nova.edu/arc
Title:
Student’s Name
Course code and CRN:
Title of course:
Institution
Month day, year
What Students Need to Know
About APA
by
Laura Lucio Ramirez
CUR 526 24022
Educational Research for Practitioners
Nova Southeastern University
April 1, 2009
Title:
Student’s Name
Info on Applied Dissertation
Institution
Year
• Page #s
• 12 pt
font
• Times New
Roman
• Double
spaced
• Indented
• Left
justified
• No
underlining
•You can now
use bullets
• Bold for
headings.
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references (see Publication
Manual, p. 323).
Major headings are centered. The first word of the heading
is capitalized as well as all major words. Articles, short
prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, however, are not
capitalized (Falcao, 2005).
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
alike need to pay attention to using subheadings. For example,
•FSEHS
does
not use
running
heads
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
•1 inch
margins
Major headings are centered. The first word of the heading
is capitalized as well as all major words. Articles, short
prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, however, are not
capitalized (Falcao, 2005).
Other issues also need to be considered. Students and teachers
alike need to pay attention to using subheadings. For example,
Headings
Title of Paper
Use Level 1 Headings
Level 2 – Flush Left, Boldfaced, Upper and
Lower Case Side Heading
APA manual, p. 62; See also sample paper p. 54
APA headings
should not
be confused
with Word’s
formatting
levels.
APA Headings
2
APA Formatting for NSU Class Assignments
Title
Use double-spacing throughout the paper including the title
page, abstract, body of the document, reference list, appendixes,
tables, and figure captions. APA does permit single spacing within
references but double spacing between references. (See p. 326
of the Publication Manual.)
Issues to Consider
Issues to Consider
Level 1
Major headings require specific formatting: (a) The first word of
the heading is capitalized as well as all major words; (b) articles,
short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions are not
capitalized; and (c) the heading is not italicized.
Formatting
Formatting of
of Paper
Paper
There are exceptions for dissertation. Other issues also need to
be considered. Students and teachers need to know how to use
Level 2
Spacing after Punctuation:
Use the find and replace feature
Students’ scores
improved. The study
demonstrated that …
Brown, J. D. (2003). Pitfalls of formatting.
Reading Teacher, 24(3), 22-24.
When to Cite
• Ideas, theories, or research that directly
influenced your work.
• Key background information, support or
dispute your theory, or offer critical
definitions or data.
• Document all facts and figures that are not
common knowledge.
• For class assignments, use 1 or 2 of most
representative sources for each key point.
• Literature reviews include more exhaustive
lists of citation.
See APA (6th ed.), p. 169
Plagiarism and Self-Plagiarism
• Using another person’s ideas or words without
giving them proper credit.
• Can be grounds for dismissal
• Using direct quotes and paraphrasing
Two types of in-text citations
• paraphrase
• direct quote
•APA uses the author – date
citation system
Paraphrased text citation:
McPherson (2007) raised issues of
motivation in reading.
Paraphrased text citation:
Another study raised issues of
motivation in reading (McPherson,
2007).
Note the correct punctuation:
Research confirmed the results of cloning (Fink, 2007).
A couple of experiments (Eifrig, 1976; Skinner, 1956) found....
The website did not support the data (Wienhorst, n.d.) .
n.d. – no date
See APA manual, pp. 174-178, 185
Basic Citation Styles
Citations in text:
Quinlan, Jones, Byron, and Montgomery (2008) stated
Quinlan et al. (2008) observed
(et al. is used after first use when there are
three or more authors)
Parenthetical citations in text:
(Quinlan, Jones, Byron, & Montgomery, 2008)
(Quinlan et al., 2008)
One work by six or more authors:
Wienhorst et al. (2009)
Always use et al. for
six or more authors.
(Wienhorst et al., 2009)
See APA manual, p. 177
Paraphrasing
Direct quote
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Let Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform
of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).
APA manual, pp. 170-171
Paraphrasing
Direct quote
“Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child
Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education
reform of federal education policy in decades. NCLB laid the groundwork for
education reforms and the president’s attempt to strengthen America’s
education system” (Smith, 2008, p. 212).
More than 50% reworded
Paraphrased
When the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act was signed into law in
January of 2002 by President Bush, the law provided the most allencompassing reform in education the United States in decades and
provided a foundation for strengthening educational policy at the
national level for years to come (Smith, 2008).
APA manual, pp. 170-171
46% of Paper Plagiarized Found Using
Turnitin
Words in blue
were taken
• Researchers have noted adjustment problems during a rising ninth
grader’s
verbatim
from
transition period. The rising ninth graders’ grade point averages and attendance
one source.
tend to decrease. The upcoming freshman experience feelings of connectedness,
and co-curricular participation. They also experience an increase in anxiety
concerning school procedures and older students, social difficulties. So far,
transition programs
have
varied widely within schools, and designs range from a
Words
in
red
one-day overview of a new school to a full school year of career-focused
were taken
curriculum. Although
the scope of research varies as much as the programs
themselves, several
verbatim
important
from a aspects have been emphasized, and it is apparent
that longer-term
comprehensive
transition programming can be beneficial.
second
source.
Dropout There is a high school dropout epidemic in America. Each year, almost
one-third of all public high school students – and nearly one-half of all blacks,
Hispanics and Native Americans – fail to graduate from public high school
(Bridgeland, Dilulio, Jr., and Morison, 2006). The most common reasons for
dropping out of high school are attitude towards school, poor school performance,
and poor relationship with teachers. Dropouts also had lower academic
Theperformance,
original idea was
decreased motivation, and an increased sense of alienation from the
(Lan
Lanthier,
school
&&
Lanthier,
2003). Research also revealed that high
from
Lan &environment
Lanthier, (Lan
students
often 2003).
consider the social organizational changes and academic
but school
the source
of this
work as the most difficult part of transition (Akos, 2004).
“paraphrase” was not
Only a few
cited.
words were
paraphrased.
Secondary Sources
Text citation:
Seidenberg and McClelland’s study (as
cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller,
1993) …
List the primary source in the reference list entry:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller,
M. (1993.) Models of reading aloud.
Psychological Review, 100(3), 589-608.
Text citation with direct quote:
McPherson (2007) coined the
phrase “goblet of motivation”
(p. 71).
The phrase that aptly describes
the impact on reading is
“goblet of motivation”
(McPherson , 2007, p. 71).
When using a direct quote, provide the page #:
“… victims of cyberterrorism” (Windhorst, 2004, p. 237) .
Krankenstein (2006) reported that "empirical research verified
compliance" (p. 48).
Lynch (2007) stated, “The findings are not valid” (p. 22) but
later maintained that other studies reached different conclusions.
See APA, Chapter 6, p. 171
Text Cites of Electronic Resources
In another case, Scanlon, Gallego, Duran, and Reyes
(2005) found that the results should be “based on
assumptions that individuals are capable of self-directed
and self-initiated learning” (Methods section, para. 7).
Use name of section.
“The qualitative research methods discussed by Durango
were challenged by Bambang and Totonumu” (Pival,
Falcao, & Quinlan, 2009, “Problems with Qualitative
Research,” para. 5).
Use shortened title in quotation marks.
See APA (6th ed.), p. 172
APA manual, p. 92
Direct quote for less than 40 words:
The abstract is a one-paragraph summary or overview of the paper and “should summarize
the essential content of the paper” (Tunon, 2009, p. 34).
Block quote (40 words or more):
Note where the periods go!
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to
use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated:
Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book,
journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title
in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical
titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text
citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized
in the reference list. (p. 342)
Callahan (2001), however, says ….
(NOTE: FSEHS uses single space, but APA uses double spacing.)
Groups as Authors
Citations in text:
American Psychological Association [APA] (2009) stated…
APA (2008) observed…
Parenthetical citations in text:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2009)
(APA, 2008)
NOTE: Always use abbreviation after it is introduced in the text. Do not switch back and
forth between the full name and the abbreviation.
See APA manual, p. 177
Citing Several Resources
Within Same Parentheses
Citing sevral resources
A couple of experiments (Jordan, 2004, 2007)
found….
A couple experiments (Eifrig & Gehring, 1976;
Skinner, 1956) found....
Several studies (Department of Defense, 2002,
2008, in press-a; Smith & Jones, 2009a, 2009b)
See APA manual, pp. 176-178.
When to Use Ampersands and Commas
• Stating author names vs. citing author names
Quinlan and Bardeen (2007) published a definitive study on
information literacy in higher education.
but
Information literacy needs to be integrated into the curriculum
(Quinlan & Bardeen, 2007).
• Three or more authors cited, use commas
Researchers (Cresswell, Borg, & Allsop, 2004) have found that
this is true.
In reference list
Quinlan, N., & Bardeen, A. (2007). Information literacy in higher
education. College and Research Libraries, 34(3), 45-67.
When to Use Ampersands and Commas
• Stating author names vs. citing author names
Quinlan and Bardeen (2007) published a definitive study on
information literacy in higher education.
but
Information literacy needs to be integrated into the curriculum
(Quinlan & Bardeen, 2007).
• Three or more authors cited, use commas
Researchers (Cresswell, Borg, & Allsop, 2004) have found that
this is true.
In reference list
Quinlan, N., & Bardeen, A. (2007). Information literacy in higher
education. College and Research Libraries, 34(3), 45-67.
When to Use Ampersands and Commas
• Stating author names vs. citing author names
Quinlan and Bardeen (2007) published a definitive study on
information literacy in higher education.
but
Information literacy needs to be integrated into the curriculum
(Quinlan & Bardeen, 2007).
• Three or more authors cited, use commas
Researchers (Cresswell, Borg, & Allsop, 2004) have found that
this is true.
In reference list
Quinlan, N., & Bardeen, A. (2007). Information literacy in higher
education. College and Research Libraries, 34(3), 45-67.
1. The theory (Smith, Brown, and Jones, no date)
or
2. The theory (Smith, Brown, & Jones, n.d.)

Test yourself
1. Two research studies (APA, 2002; Barnes, 2005)
or
2. Two research studies (Barnes, 2005; APA, 2002)

1. MacDougall (2004, para. 34) stated that “the Information
Literacy Model needed to be implemented”.
or
2. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Model needed to be implemented” (Methods section, para. 4).
or
3. MacDougall (2004) stated that “the Information Literacy
Module need to be implemented.” (para. 34)

Reference citation in reference list:
McPherson, K. (2007). Harry Potter
and the goblet of motivation. Teacher
Librarian, 34(4), 71. doi:10.1037
/0002-9432.76.4.482
How to Cite a Journal Article Retrieved Online
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Author(s)
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47.
• Initials, not first names. No title
• Ampersand (&), not the word and
• Comma before the ampersand.
• Space between initials
See APA (6th ed,), p. 184
Names
• Do not include titles
Arguellos, S., Ph.D. (2007).
Bucher, J., Dr. (2005).
• If author’s first name is hyphenated, retain
hyphen
Chin, E.-F., Barry, B., & Wilson, H. W.
APA (6th ed.), p. 184
Suffices for Names
• Use a space to separate initials and suffices
in your name for the author byline
R. F. Johnson, Jr.
D. S. Altilio, III
• For references in the text, do not include suffixes
(Johnson, 2008)
Altilio (2004)
• For references in the reference list, use a comma to
separate initials and suffices.
Johnson, R. F., Jr.
Altilio, D. S., III
APA (6th ed.), pp. 24, 174, 184
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Year of publication
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47.
• Enclosed in parentheses
• Period after the parentheses
• No month or day if the publication is a
journal, not a magazine, newsletter, or
newspaper article.
See APA (6th ed.), p. 185
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Article title
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47.
• Only first word in title and subtitle should be
be capitalized as well as any proper names.
• A period at the end of the title.
• Only one space after the period, not two.
See APA (6th ed.), p. 185
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47.
• Journal title should have all important
words capitalized.
• It is italicized
• The journal title is followed by a comma
See APA manual, pp. 186-187
Journal title
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47.
•
•
Volume, issue, and
page number(s)
The volume number is italicized
There should be no space between
the volume number and issue number
• Enclose issue number in parentheses
and follow by a comma
• Do not use p. or pp. for journal articles.
See APA manual, p. 186
Pagination by Issue or
Continuous Pagination
• FSEHS recommends always including both
the volume and issue number, regardless of
whether the publication is paginated
continuously or by issue.
APA (6th ed.), p. 186
Citing Journal Articles Retrieved Full Text Online:
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
DOI number
• Preferred: If the database has a Digital Object Identifier that
functions as a unique identifier of the content and a link to the
content, then use that.
• Do not capitalize doi, and do not include a space before or
after the colon.
• Do not put a period at the end of the doi number.
Examples of a DOI
Examples of a DOI
DOI in ERIC Database
doi:10.1088/0031-9120/43/3/007
DOIs
found
in the
abstract
Non-DOI numbers from other vendors:
DO NOT INCLUDE THESE!
How to find a DOI for an article
Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the
chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670.
Coming soon! DOI lookup tool
Reference with a DOI
Ingham, R. J., Warner, A., Byrd, A., & Cotton, J. (2006). Speech
effort measurement and stuttering: Investigating the
chorus reading effect. Journal of Speech, Language, and
Hearing Research, 49(3), 660-670. doi:10.1044/1092
-4388(2006/048)
Article Obtained from an Open-Access Journal
Watkins, R., & Schlosser, C. (2000). It’s not about time:
A fresh approach to educational equivalency. TechTrend,
24(3), 34-47. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com
/education/learning+&+instruction/journal/115/act.pdf
Retrieval statement
• The retrieval date is not included because this article is not likely
to be changed or updated. However, changeable documents
should include the retrieval date.
• Include the direct URL to the specific article.
• Use http:// and remove hyperlink.
Group author
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
• Period after the group author
See APA (6th ed.), p. 184
Year of publication
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
See APA manual, p. 248
Book title
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
• Only the first word in the book title and
subtitle should be capitalized as well as
any proper names.
See APA manual, p. 248
Book title
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
• Only the first word in the book title and
subtitle should be capitalized as well as
any proper names.
• Use (6th ed.), not (6th ed.) and do not
italicize.
• Period goes after the edition number and
page numbers, if any
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
Place and publisher
• Use DC, not D.C. (U.S. postal abbreviation
for states)
• Use Author if the name of the publisher is
the same as the author
Location and Publisher Info
• Use state abbreviations:
FL, TX, NY, CA, DC
• All cities now include
state abbreviation:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Baltimore, MD
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Los Angeles, CA
New York, NY
Philadelphia, PA
San Francisco, CA
• Leave off superfluous terms:
– Publishers
– Co. or Company
– Inc.
• Retain the words:
– Books
– Press
• For example:
Erlbaum, John Wiley,
University of Toronto Press,
Penguin Books
See APA (6th ed.), p. 187
Electronic Version of Print Book
Schaefer, A. (2009). Living in the fast lane.
[Monograph.] doi:10.2312/ 2342113949
Schaefer, A. (2009). Living in the fast lane.
[Monograph.] Retrieved from http://www
.ebookstore.B&T.eeuu/html/index.cfm
• No location or publisher is included for an electronic version of
a book.
Rules for Capitalizing Titles
APA manual, p. 101
• Article title:
Capitalize first word after a hyphen in text
title but not in reference list.
– In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of
Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate
techniques.
– In reference citation:
Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city
students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.
• Book title:
Capitalize
– In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire,all
is awords
modern classic.
of four letters or
– In reference citation:
more as well as
Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New
verbs in text but not
York: Dell.
reference list.
Other Rules for Titles
APA manual, p. 101
• Article title:
– In text: The article entitled “An Assessment of the Reading Skills of
Inner-City Students” settled the question about appropriate
techniques.
– In reference citation:
Smith, D. (1999). An assessment of reading skills of inner-city
students. The Reading Teacher, 14(3), 45-46.
• Book title:
– In text: The book, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is a
modern classic.
– In reference
citation:around article title in text but not in
Use quotes
Gibbon, E. (1963). The decline and fall of the Roman Empire. New
reference
York: Dell. list.
• Page
entitled
References
• Hanging
indentations
• Single
space in
citations
• Double
space
between
citations
• Use italics,
do not
underline
• Alphabetical
order,
Then by date
Reference Page
References
centered
32
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2006). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A
dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship. Retrieved from Expanded Academic Index
database.
Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings
of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
Norton, M. J. (2009). Introductory concepts in information science. doi:10.5634/93944-090
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2008). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
Reference Page
32
References
Jones, R. N., del Rio, J. A., Humenik, J. A., García, E. O., & Ramírez, A. M. (2001). Citation
mining: Integrating text mining and bibliometrics for research user profiling. Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 52, 1148-1156.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1985). Master's and doctoral thesis citations: Analysis and trends of a
longitudinal study. Portal, 3, 459-479. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999a). Identifying uniform core journal titles for music libraries: A
dissertation citation study. College & Research Libraries, 60(2), 153-163.
Kushkowski, J. D. (1999b). Measuring the use and value of electronic journals and books.
Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship, 35(4), 333-363.
Morner, C. J. (1995). Measuring the library research skills of education doctoral students.
In R. AnRhein (Ed.), Continuity & transformation: The promise of confluence. Proceedings
of the Seventh National Conference of the Association of College and Research Libraries,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 29-April 1, 1995 (pp. 381-391). Chicago: Association of
College and Research Libraries.
Norton, M. J. (2000). Introductory concepts in information science. doi:10.5634/93944-090
O'Connor, D. O., & Voos, H. (2005). Empirical laws, theory construction, and bibliometrics. In J.
Smith & B. B. Jones, New adventures on the Web. Springfield, MA: Springer Verlag.
1. Brown, R. D. (2005). The flight of the bumblebee. 
or
Nothing
2. Browning, A. J. (2003). Learning to read.
precedes
something
1. Schroeder, L. (2008). Water rights in Oregon.
Arrange
or
chronologically
2. Schroeder, L. (2004). Fighting for water rights. 
1. Jones, F. T. (2008). Birth of a nation.
or
2. Jones, F. T. (2000). Fourth-grade students.
or
3. Jones, F. T. (2008). Winning the war.
(2008a)

(2008b)
1. Palgreaves, D. J. (2001). Economics today.

or
One-author entries
2. Palgreaves, D. J., & Baber, J. (1999). Dictionary of …
precede multipleauthor entries
APA (6th ed.), pp. 181-184
Using Microsoft Word’s formatting for
Hanging Indentations
Example in MSWord 2003
• Go to Format.
• Select Paragraph.
• In Indents and Spacing
• Go to the Special section.
• Select Hanging.
Hanging Indentations in
Word 2007
Alphabetizing the Reference List in
Word 2003
Example in MSWord 2003
• Go to Table.
• Select Sort.
• Click OK.
Alphabetizing the Reference List
in Word 2007
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