Transcript Document

Bell Ringer
Using your Homework, on a sheet of
paper answer the following questions.
1. What was the main purpose of the
Yalta and Potsdam conferences?
2. Explain the fundamental
differences between the Soviet
Union and the United States.
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Any person should be free to start a
business and employ people.
Any profit made is reward for hard work
A free economy
Opportunity for all.
Average standard of living better than
Communism
Wider range between rich and poor.
Individual Freedoms, protest
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Government controls business.
Worker own factories, but controlled by
government (controlled economy)
Profit = greed
Lower avg. standard of living but everyone
is equal
Profits go to the state not the individual,
everyone benefits.
Propaganda & Censorship widely practiced.
The Cold War
1946-1990
Legacy of WWII
1. U.S. and Soviet Union Emerge as superpowers…best
military, good economy.
2. Middle East tensions Israel vs. Palestine
(displaced European Jews)
3. Cold War
1) United Nations• formed near end of
WWII as a body of
nations to prevent
future global wars.
What organization had been
formed at the
end of WWI to prevent global
war?
3. Europe
Eastern Europe Obliterated by
WAR
• Lack of
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–
Resources
Jobs
Homes
Basic necessities
• Capitalism offers
– Money (rebuild on
your own)
– Aid
• Communism offers
– Jobs
– Food
– shelter
Cities
population
Infrastructure
Factories
Homes
Schools
Europe
• -Soviet controlled East
Europe
• -Germany divided into
East (Communist)
West (Democratic)
East Germany
Divided Berlin
West Germany
JAPAN
-Occupied by American
forces (military bases)
•-Adopts democratic
form of government
(MacArthur Const.)
•- End of Emperor
•-Resumed self-gov’t
•-Ally of U.S.
I. Post-WWII outcomes
4)Origins of Cold War
1)Disagreements over Post War Germany
2)Soviets actions in Poland
1) Raided factories for machinery and equipment
2) Placed Russian Army throughout E. Europe
3)Yalta & Potsdam Conferences
4)Soviets’ refusal to honor Declaration of
Liberated Europe
II. Cold War: Defined
Cold War- 45 year competition about values.
(end of WWII-collapse of Soviet Union in 1991 — 8 presidents)
COLD WAR
U.S.
and West
-Democracy
-Individual Freedom
-Market economy
OR
Soviet Union
and East
-Totalitarianism
-Socialism: state centered
-Communist
Conferences cause Confrontation
YALTA: Feb ‘45
POTSDAM: July ‘45
•Poland
–USA wants post war governments
& free elections
–USSR wants Poland govts friendly
to USSR.
•Declaration of Liberated Europe
–“people’s right to choose their
government”
–Resume free elections
•Dividing Germany into 4 Zones
•US, France, Britain & USSR
–Disagreements about Reparations
& Economic policy cause US-USSR
tensions….TBC
•Truman & Stalin argue about what to
do with Germany
•Truman: “German industry essential
to European economy”
•Stalin “USSR economy destroyed and
Germany must pay.”
•Truman to USSR “Get reparations
from your zone”
•Stalin wanted reparations from ALL
zones.
•Truman tells Stalin about A-Bomb
•Stalin agrees to Truman’s terms
“Iron Curtain”
• The military, political, and
ideological barrier
established between the
Soviet bloc and western
Europe
• Stalin ignores Dec. of
Liberated Europe
• Satellite Nations Communist nations of E.
Europe not controlled by
USSR.
III. Cold War: U.S --- Foreign Policy
***CONTAINMENT- do not let Communism spread,
using diplomatic, economic, and military actions
• George Kennan- US diplomat
• “Long Telegram” explained
• Soviets
• Feared capitalism
• Were insecure
• US
• Communism was weak economically
• and could be defeated if unable to expand
• Practice
CONTAINMENT
Truman Doctrine
• Reasoning
– Threatened by Communist
influence in Turkey and Greece
• Financial aid “to support free
peoples”
• Sent $400 million worth of
munitions to Greece and
Turkey helped push out
Communism
• New level of American
commitment to a Cold War.
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
Marshall Plan- massive financial aid to rebuild
Europe. Claimed to combat poverty not politics.
•Eastern European Nations
•War damage and poverty = Communist
influence
•Economic aid kept them from joining
Communism
•Soviets refused – The blame for dividing
Europe fell on the Soviet Union, not the United
States. And the Marshall Plan proved crucial
to Western Europe’s economic recovery.
George Marshall
“Our policy is directed not against any
country or doctrine but against hunger,
poverty, desperation and chaos.”
II. Cold War: Defined
THE STAKES ARE HIGH
(BOTH U.S. and Soviet Union hold capability to destroy each other)
1949 Soviet Union
successfully explodes an atomic
Bomb
• Made USSR = to USA
1952 1st Hydrogen Bomb tested
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Defensive alliance between U.S. and Western Europe
(1st time U.S. entered into peacetime military alliance)
Warsaw Pact,
Defensive
alliance
between
Soviet Union
and Eastern
European
Countries.
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)Soviets block access to
west Berlin. Truman orders
supplies airlifted.
*2.3 million tons of supplies
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
(1949)- Mao Zedong leads Communist takeover
in China (rival to Soviet Union)
REACTION:
• Increased fears of communist domination
• US authorizes development of hydrogen
bomb
III. Cold War: Harry Truman --- Foreign Policy
NSC-68: U.S. National Security
Report, 1950
• emphasizes Soviet aggression
• calls for massive U.S. military
buildup
“The U.S.S.R.’s desire for World
Domination requires
not only to this Republic but
civilization itself take a stand”
• Cold War Strategies
• Foreign Policies:
1. Brinkmanship
2. Foreign Aid
3. Alliances
4. Propaganda
5. Proxy Wars
6. Containment
7. Domino Theory
1. Marshall Plan
2. Truman Doctrine
3. Korean War
4. Arms Race
5. Space Race
6. Eisenhower Doctrine
7. Crisis Control
5.
President Jan 1953
Dwight D.• Eisenhower
• GI Bill- provided vets with
business, home and college
loans 1944
• Strong Military &
Economics
– Show capitalism was better
than communism.
• NEW LOOK
– Not keep a large
expensive army.
• More Bang for the Buck
– Nuclear weapons ready
• Competition
between nations for
superiority in the
development and
accumulation of
weapons.
• Not limited to USA
& USSR
• Nuclear
Deterrence
– Theory that an
enemy will not
use nuclear
weapons as
long as they
can be
destroyed as a
consequence.
Cold War Nuclear Arms Race
• 1949
– USSR develops ABomb
– U.S. no longer lone
Superpower
• Mid 1950s
– Both sides have HBombs
• 1960s
– enough warheads to
destroy one another
• Massive Fallout,
“Nuclear Winter”
• Federal Budget
• 1945 12%
allocated to
defense spending
• 1960 55%
allocated to
defense spending
Weaponry
• USA
– Preferred Bombers
• USSR
– ICBM’s
• Intercontinental
Ballistic Missiles
• Long range
• Gave USSR the lead
in the Space Race
1st animal in
space Laika
NASA
launched
Valentina Tereshkova
1957
1st
USSR
satelite
1969
1st
US
satelite
Yuri Gagarin
Neil
Armstrong
Sputnik Crisis
• Space Race started as a
means to launch
Intercontinental ballistic
missiles (ICBMs)
• Oct 1957-Soviets launch
Sputnik- 1st satellite to
orbit earth
• Americans afraid U.S
had fallen behind
Soviets.
• NASA
– Fear from Sputnik
– Created by congress
– Research rocket science
& space exploration.
• National Defense
Education
– Provided school funding
for
• Math
• Science
• Foreign Language
Brinkmanship
• Brinkmanship– the willingness to go
to the brink of war to
make the other side
back down
• Asia
– China threatened to
seize Taiwan…
– US threatened w/
Nuclear weapons.
– China backed down
Nikita Khrushchev
Your grandchildren
will live under
COMMUNISM!
• 1953 Stalin Dies
• Power Struggle ensues
• 1956 Khrushchev
emerges as leader of
USSR
• Secretly Defied Stalin’s
Policy
• Defiance caused E.
European countries to
rebel.
• Used military force.
Crisis Middle East
•
Iran 1953
– Great Britain stealing Iran oil.
– Iran kicks Brits out and
“nationalize oil”
– USA claims Iran going Commie
– US and GB overthrow Iran govt.
– Puppet regime in Mid East.
– Containment but really Oil
•
Suez Crisis 1956
– Prevent communism in the
middle east.
– GB, France & Israel want
control of Suez Canal
– USSR sides with Egypt
– USA stops GB, France & Israel
Eisenhower Doctrine 1957
• Countries could request US
economic or military aid if
threatened by another nation…
• "to secure and protect the territorial
integrity and political independence of
such nations, requesting such aid
against overt armed aggression from
any nation controlled by international
communism."
1950s Culture, Technology and
Society
Facing the Bomb
• Mass hysteria of Soviet
attack
• Duck and Cover
– “protection from Nuclear
blast”
• Fallout
– radiation that would kill
those the blast didn’t.
• Fallout shelter
– Underground buildings
stocked with food and
water.
American Dream
•dream of a successful life
•growth of big business
•businesses
•franchising:
•chain stores
•Dept Stores
•McDonald's
•Conformity:
•influenced by others
•Clothes
•Speech
•Music
•purchases
•Individuality disappears
•Church
•Damnation gone
•Love & Peace
Consumerism
-buying of material goods
-new products
polyester, Teflon,
electronics
Keeping up with the Joneses!
New TV
New Car!
New Freezer
-planned obsolescence:
things will go out of date –
have to buy new ones!
-credit cards
-Influenced by advertising
Advertising!
• “Soap Opera”
– Selling detergent during
daytime television
• Marketing to specific
viewers.
• Pays for programming
• Supports Consumerism
Car Culture
Interstate Highway System
-growth of suburbia:
commuting a necessity
Connects states with system
of high travel roads
-trucking industry: interstate
makes long haul possible
-social effects cruising
teens, drive ins and drivethru, car advertisements,
travel hotels
Transport – Nuclear Missiles
Suburbia
-most new homes were in the
suburbs, 85%
-baby boom generation by 1957
there was 1 baby born per 7
seconds
Baby boom leads to:
-Medical breakthroughs
Jonas Salk: vaccine for polio
-Childrearing; do it by guidelines
Dr. Spock’s influence: raise kids a
certain way, widely published,
encouraged communication
Television
Early shows
•Live variety acts
•Many flaws & mistakes
•Simplistic
TV•Mass Media
• Promotes Conformity
• People think alike
•Shows
• Ideal suburban life
• No real female role
models
• No Minorities or
Poverty
• Male superiority
• No violence
BUY
Don’t think
No questions
Conform
Poverty
-25 %of Americans were below
poverty line (what is needed to
survive)
•White Flight
• million of middle class whites
moved to suburbs
• loss of tax dollars hurt city
services
• lots of rural poor move to
cities
• breakdown of inner cities
• Urban Renewal: HUD, improve
inner city, help poor
Beatniks
-beat movement
social and literary nonconformists
-non-material lifestyle shunned
regular work
-set precedent for the hippy
generation with very little
structure
-clashed with regular America
described as exact opposite
Rock-n-Roll
-Alan Freed: coined term
rock-n-roll music black and
white
-Little Richard, Chuck Berry,
Bill Haley, Buddy Holly, Elvis
Presley: King of Rock and
Roll
-Ed Sullivan Show variety
show, ET of all sorts
-Dick Clark American Band
Stand
-reaction to rock music:
Teens love it, Adults hate it
Crisis close to home
• Bay of Pigs- 1961
– Failed attempt to overthrow
Castro in Cuba
– Made the USA & Kennedy
look weak.
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
– 13 day Nuclear standoff
between US & USSR
– USSR remove missiles
from Cuba
– USA remove missiles from
Turkey