Transcript Timelines - Walking Shadow Designs

Time Lines
Roger Bailey
Time Concepts
• Sun is the Essence of Time
– Daily rotation of earth gives hours of the day,
sunrise, high noon and sunset, days of the year
– Yearly orbit around the sun gives solstices,
equinoxes and seasons
• Sundials show solar time cycles
• Clock time is arbitrary and regulated
• We are continuously challenged to have
sundials show clock time
Get over it!
Solar time is reality. The clocks are wrong!
Sundial Time
• Sundials can show time in many ways
• Day divided into hours
– Normally 24 hours, equal or unequal
– Start: noon & midnight, sunrise or sunset
– Mark prayer times, Canonical or Moslem
• Year divided into seasons, months, or zodiac
signs based on solar declination & mark dates
• Regular equal hours common in N America on
sundials with polar gnomons
• Older cultures used different hours and
timelines on historical sundials with
perpendicular gnomons. Interesting timelines!
Time, Timelines and Culture
• Night time for sleep, Daytime is active
• Meal time divides the day
• Prayer times were the first markers
– Canonical and Moslem - First sundials
•
•
•
•
Watch times – Eight bells for ships
Hours of daylight: Seasonal then Equal
Time regulated by sundials and clocks
Astronomical, standard then Atomic time
Polar Gnomon Sundials
Olde English
Gnomon
By Tony Moss
• Polar gnomon is parallel
to the earth’s axis
• Angle with horizontal
plane = Latitude
• Angle in meridian plane
with vertical = Co-Lat
(90-Latitude)
• Hour lines radiate from
the gnomon base
• Date or declination lines
from tip or nodus
Point Gnomon Sundials
• Gnomon is perpendicular to the
plane
• Time lines set by shadow paths
from the tip of the gnomon
• Determine altitude and azimuth
of sun at the time
• Project point onto the plane
• Hour lines do not radiate from
the gnomon base
• Ref: Fer De Vries: “A Uniform
Method to Compute Flat
Sundials usable all over the
World” & “Zon 2000”
Timelines
• Equal hours: 24 hours/day,
– 2 x 12, starting at midnight and or noon
– Babylonian hours: Start at sunrise
• Noon and sunset times vary
– Italian hours: Start at sunset
• Sunrise and noon times vary
• Also Bohemian or Jewish hours
• Unequal hours: 12 hours per day,
sunrise to sunset. Biblical hours
– Length varies with season
Italian Hours (sunset)
Solstices
Equal Hours
Equinox
Babylonian Hours (sunrise)
Time Lines
Prague Klementinum 1
Students Court East Facing
Prague Klementinum Sundials
6 7 8 9 10
5
16 12
Economics
4
15
11
3
Vine Court
Students Court
1
2
Court
13, 14,17
Astronomy
Tower
“St Clement” Jesuit University 1653
Equal (noon)
Babylonian
(Sunrise)
Italian (Sunset)
Klementinum 2: South Facing Students Court
Klementinum
Astronomy
Tower
East
West
Face
Facing
Morning
Klementinum Economics Court
Sundials
EC 9 S Equal
Economics Court 9: South Face: Equal Hours
EC10 S Italian
Economics Court 9: South Face: Italian Hours
EC11 E Equal
Economics Court 11: East Face: Equal Hours
EC12 S Italian
Italian Hours
Hours from Sunset
“Horae ab occasum solis”
Equal hours, 24 / day
Noon varies, 18 at equinox
Used in Europe 1200 to 1800
Reverse Italian Hours = Time to Sunset
Economics Court 12: East Face: Italian Hours
Vine Court
Sundials
Klementinum
Vine Court
A SOLIS ORTU
FROM THE RISING OF THE SUN
VC3E Babylonian
Vine Court 3: East Face: Babylonian Hours
USQUE AD OCCASIUM
THROUGH TO SUNSET
VC4E Italian
Vine Court 4 East Face: Italian Hours
LAUDABILE NOMEN DOMINI: PRAISE THE NAME OF THE LORD
VC5 E Equal
Vine Court 5: S 68º E Face: Equal Hours
VC 7 S Equal
Vine Court 7: South Face: Equal Hours
VC S 6 Babylonian
Vine Court 6 South Face: Babylonian Hours
VC 8 S Italian
Vine Court 8: S Face: Italian Hours
Prague Astronomical Clock
• Timelines are not
just on sundials
Italian
Sidereal (star)
Unequal (Biblical)
Sun rise & set
Local equal
Zodiac
Lunar phases
1410 - 1490
Hotel Růže
Český Krumlov
Hotel Růže 
Jesuit College 1586
Český Krumlov
Babylonian Hours
Italian Hours
Reversed
Hours of Daylight
Date Lines: Zodiac
Equal Hours
Reverse Italian Hours
Time to Sunset
• Modern uses for Italian
• Airports:Visual Flying Rules
– Mac Oglesby: Moore Field
• Royal Astronomical Society
(RASC) Alberta Star Party
– Eccles Ranch Observatory
– Caroline AB (52.1, 114.7)
• Sidereal hours for
Observatory sundial?
Karl Schwarzinger, Innsbruck
Gnomonicae Societas Austriaca
Birthday Lines
• Karl Swarzinger,
Austrian Sundial
Society
• Franz Wuring
sundial
• Family’s Birthday
Lines
Sundial with Date Lines
Caesartelli
Fabio
Casartelli
Memorial
Col d’ Aspres
Pyrênées, France
Tour de France 1995
Casartelli Memorial
• Date Lines on
Sundial Memorial
– Birth
• 16 August 1970
– Olympic Gold
• 3 August 1992
– Death in crash
• 18 July 1995
Seasonal Markers:
Sunrise Sunset Lines
N o rth
11
12
S o lstic e S u n ris e
1
2
10
9
8
4
Ju l
M ay
3 .0 9
5 .4 1
Aug
7
W est
3
S u m m e r S o lstice
5
Apr
E ast
Sep
E q u in o x
6
6
M ar
S u n ris e
5
S unset
2.80
2 .7 2
O ct
Feb
2 .7 2
2.80
7
S u n ris e T im e
Ja n
Nov
W in te r S o lstice
9 .0 0
S e a so n a l S u n d ia l
W a lkin g S h a d o w D e sig n s
Stand on Marker, sight over date to see where the sun rises
Stand on Date, sight over marker to see when the sun rises
N
L A T 36.9
L O N G 121
Seasonal Markers:
Sunrise Sunset Lines
12
11
13
14
10
15
9
8
1-jun
1-m ay
7
1-jul
16
1-aug
17
1-sep
1-apr
W 6
1-oct
18 E
1-m ar
5
1-feb
1-jan
1-nov
19
1-dec
Sunrise and sunset lines converge almost to points,
Seasonal Markers on the major W/E axis
Seasonal Markers
Sunset
Sunrise
Elliston Park, Calgary
Prayer Times: Canonical Hours
• Often shown on Mass or scratch dials
on old churches
• Seven times (tides) defined by St.
Benedict’s Rule (6th Century)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Matins (Lauds): midnight to dawn
Prime: sunrise (first)
Triece: mid-morning (third)
Sext: noon (sixth)
Nones: midafternoon
Vespers: sunset
Compline: sunset to midnight
Rule of St. Benedict
• CHAPTER XVI
How the Work of God Is to Be
Performed during the Day
• As the Prophet saith: "Seven times
a day I have given praise to Thee"
(Psalms 119:164), this sacred
sevenfold number will be fulfilled by
us in this wise if we perform the
duties of our service at the time of
Lauds, Prime, Tierce, Sext, None,
Vespers, and Complin;
Mass Dials
• Orm’s dial
is typical
• Horizontal
gnomon
• Equal time
divisions
• Seasonal
un-equal
hours
Moslem Prayer Hours
• For devout Moslems, there are five prayer times,
all determined by the altitude of the sun
– Fajr (morning): twilight to dawn
– Zuhr (noon): Shadow length: noon + ¼ gnomon height
– Asr (mid pm): Shadow length: noon + gnomon height to
noon + 2 gnomon heights
– Maghrib (sunset): sundown to end of twilight
– Isha (night): twilight to dawn
• Zuhr and Asr are (were) set by shadow lengths
• Horizontal sundials with perpendicular gnomons
Sext zuhr
Midday
Moslem
Triece
duha
Daily
Prayer Times
Monastic
Nones
asr
Vespers
Sunset maghrib
Nightfall
Compline
isha
Prime Sunrise
fajr Daybreak
Matins
Midnight
Moslem Prayer Times
Defined by altitude of sun
determined by shadow lengths
Zuhr = Noon + ¼ gnomon height
Asr = Noon + gnomon height to
Noon + 2 gnomon heights
Gnomon
Noon Zuhr
Asr
Moslem Prayer Timelines
Zon 2000
Istanbul: Latitude 41º N
Horizontal with Vertical Gnomon
Istanbul
• Topkapi Palace
• Complex sundial
in Courtyard
• Asr prayer line
• Italian Hours
• Babylonian
• Equal Hours
Joël Robic ©
http://perso.orange.fr/cadrans.solaires/cadrans/cadran-istanbul-topkapi.html
Italian
Babylonian
Asr
Topkapi Palace
Ottoman Sundial
Missouri Botanical Garden
Ottoman Sundial
• Topkapi Dial design for
Ottoman Garden at
Missouri Botanical
Gardens, St Louis
• Paul Brockman: Project
Coordinator
• Fazil Sutcu: Architect
• Abraham Mohler:
Sculptor
• E.L. Bakewell Jr:Sponsor
• Roger Bailey: Designer
Proud Artisans
• Abraham Mohler
Sculptor
• Roger Bailey
Designer
Istanbul: New Mosque Yeni Camii
Veni Camii
Vertical Declining Sundials
New Mosque
“Yeni Camii” 1
-Local hours 20’
-Italian hours
-Asr 1 & 2
-Zhur?
-Declination
-Other curves
Yeni Camii: New Mosque
45º
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca
Polar Gnomon
bent horizontal
(Moslem style)
New Mosque
Yeni Camii 2
Local hours 20’
New Mosque
Yeni Camii 3
Islamic sundial
Prayer times
Hours? 20’
Overlay confirms
declination lines,
equinoctial and Asr
Prayer line (N + G).
Zuhr Prayer line and
parallel curved time lines
are different
Blue Mosque: Istanbul
Ablutions
Blue Mosque: Istanbul
42º
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca
Blue Mosque Sundial
2 Post Asr
Zuhr
Noon
Asr
• Vertical Declining S 42º W
• Shadow lengths defined
prayer lines for Horizontal
• Date Lines for Equinox and
Solstices
• Six time lines: Noon, Pre
Zuhr, Zhur, Asr, 2 post Asr
Modern computation (Zon 2000)
Dial is crudely engraved
Overlay shows slightly different
results on equinox and Asr lines.
Zuhr and other lines are
unusual, parallel to Asr, not
defined by shadows N + nG
Hagia Sophia: Istanbul
Byzantine Cathedral: Saint Sophia
Roman Emperor Justinian 537
1453’s Sultan’s Mosque, now museum
Hagia Sophia
36º
Qibla 151.7º
Mecca
Hagia Sophia
Sundial
• Vertical declining S 36 W
• Multiple timelines similar
to prayer lines
Modern calculation overlay
confirms noon, equinoctial
and declination.
Asr prayer line ~OK
Zuhr prayer line is tilted,
parallel, like other lines
Relativistic Hours
Republican Hours
• French Revolution
• Rational measures
– Metric system
– Decimalization
• Republican Hours
– 10 hours, 10 x 10 min1
– 1 Republican = 2.4 hrs
Vallouise, Les Vigneaux
– North Declining East
– 5 to 9:30 am = 2 to 4
L’Atelier Tournesol 1989
Analemma
Declination
Equation
Of Time
Dennis di Cicco:
Standard Time Sundials
http://www.uwrf.edu/sundial/
Standard Time Sundials
• R D Swensen Dial 1995
by Prof John Shepherd
• University of Wisconsin
• Analemma Hour Lines
http://www.uwrf.edu/sundial/
Berlin, Charlottenburg, Pestalozzistr.40 1992
“Meine Sonnenuhren” by Karl Schwarzinger © 2004
St Ulrich in Gröden
Rumanonstr.41 1991
“Meine Sonnenuhren” by
Karl Schwarzinger © 2004
Modern Timelines
The shadow of the Golden Arches
C.Huff © Leo Burnett, USA