Transcript Slide 1

继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十一讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Animal Factories
Para. 1 Every year billions of animals are raised
and killed for consumption. In the U.S. alone,
more than 10 billion land animals are
slaughtered annually. Billions of fishes are
raised and killed in fish “farms” or are taken from
oceans, rivers and lakes.
1.n. 数词 (美)十亿 ；(英)万亿
A billion is a thousand million.
2. n. 复数,大量；无数 If you talk about billions of
people or things, you mean that there is a
very large number of them but you do not
know or do not want to say exactly how many.
Biological systems have been doing this for
billions of years. 生物系统亿万年来一直都是这
样。
For More
He urged US executives to invest billions of
dollars in his country. 他力劝美国公司的高管
们向他的国家投资数十亿美元。
You can also use billions as a pronoun.
He thought that it must be worth billions.
他以为那一定价值连城
End
1. 不可数名词(燃料、自然资源的)消耗量，消
费量 The consumption of fuel or natural
resources is the amount of them that is used
or the act of using them.
The laws have led to a reduction in fuel
consumption in the US. 这些法律已经使美国
燃料消费量有所减少。
For More
2. 吃;喝;饮用 The consumption of food or drink
is the act of eating or drinking something, or the
amount that is eaten or drunk.
The average daily consumption of fruit and
vegetables is around 400 grams.
每日平均果蔬摄入量约为400克。
Excessive alcohol consumption is clearly bad.
过度饮酒显然是有害的。
For More
3. 消费 Consumption is the act of buying and
using things.
The production and consumption of goods and
services is the ultimate aim of all economic
endeavor.
生产并消费商品和服务是一切经济活动的终极目
标。
For More
consume vt. 消耗，消费；耗尽，毁灭；吃光，喝
光
Some of the most efficient refrigerators
consume70 percent less electricity than traditional
models.
一些极为节能的冰箱比传统型号耗电减少70%。
consumer n. 消费者，顾客，用户
...improving public services and consumer rights.
改善公共事业，增进消费者权益
End
 adj. 单独的；独一无二的；独自的
There is nothing so fearful as to be alone in a combat
situation... 没有比孤身奋战更可怕的了。
He was all alone in the middle of the hall. 他独自一人
在大厅中间。
For More
 adv. 单独地；独自地；孤独地；只，只有
She has lived alone in this house for almost five years
now... 她已在这所房子里独自住了近5年。
He was sitting alone at a table in a wine bar, smoking a
big cigar. 他独自一人坐在酒吧的一张桌旁，抽着
一支大雪茄。
lonely adj. 孤独的，寂寞的
She lives alone and often feels lonely. 她孑然一身，
常感到寂寞。
End
1. VERB 动词杀戮;屠杀;残杀;滥杀 If large numbers
of people or animals are slaughtered, they are killed
in a way that is cruel or unnecessary.
Whales and dolphins are still being slaughtered for
commercial gain. 仍然有人为了商业利益大肆捕
杀鲸鱼和海豚。
Slaughter is also a noun
a war where the slaughter of civilians was
commonplace... 在战争中杀戮平民的事情再平常
不过
For More
2. VERB 动词屠宰，宰杀(动物) To slaughter
animals such as cows and sheep means to
kill them for their meat.
Lack of chicken feed means that chicken
farms are having to slaughter their stock. 鸡
饲料的缺乏意味着养鸡场将不得不杀掉饲养
的鸡。
I couldn't stand to watch them slaughter the
cattle. 我不忍看他们宰牛。
End
adv. 每年，每年一次；一年一度
Companies report to their shareholders annually.
各公司每年向其股东汇报一次。 。
adj .一年一次的；每年的 Annual events happen once
every year
In its annual report, UNICEF says at least 40,000
children die every day.
在其年度报告中，联合国儿童基金会称每天至
少有4万名儿童死亡。
For More
n. 年刊;年报;年鉴 An annual is a book or
magazine that is published once a year.
n. 可数名词一年生植物 An annual is a plant
that grows and dies within one year.
The simplest way to deal with these hardy
annuals is to sow them where they are to
flower. 处理这些一年生耐寒植物最简单的办
法是将他们种在能开花的地方。
End
1. n.海洋；大海 （五大洋之一的）洋 An ocean is one
of the five very large areas of sea on the Earth's
surface.
They spent many days cruising the northern Pacific
Ocean. 他们在北太平洋航行了很多天。
The Indian Ocean is on the south of Asia.
印度洋位于亚洲南部。
2. 许多；大量 If you say that there is an ocean of
something, you are emphasizing that there is a very
large amount of it.
For More
沧海一粟;九牛一毛 If you say that something is a
drop in the ocean, you mean that it is a very small
amount which is unimportant compared to the cost
of other things or is so small that it has very little
effect on something.
His fee is a drop in the ocean compared with the
real cost of broadcasting. 同播出的实际开支相比较，
他那点酬金不过是九牛一毛。
For more
The Earth's five oceans are the Pacific, Atlantic,
Indian, Arctic, and Southern. They cover 70%
of the planet's surface.
地球表面水域为五大区，称为五大洋。即 太平
洋、 大西洋、 印度洋、 北冰洋和 南冰洋。
End
动物工厂
Para. 1每年，因人类消费的需要，数十亿的动物
被饲养屠宰。仅在美国，每年屠宰的陆地动物超
过一百亿只。有十多亿来自鱼类养殖场和海洋、
河流以及湖泊的鱼类被饲养和宰杀。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十二讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 2 Like all the other animals, farmed
animals have the ability to experience pleasure
and pain. Unfortunately, farmed animals endure
tremendous amount of pain and suffering for
unnecessary human use and consumption.
 1. n 不可数名词 经验；实践 Experience is
knowledge or skill in a particular job or activity,
which you have gained because you have
done that job or activity for a long time.
He has also had managerial experience on every
level.
他还有各个层级的管理经验。
For More
 2. n 不可数名词 （组成个人生活或形成个性
的）经历，阅历 Experience is used to refer to
the past events, knowledge, and feelings that
make up someone's life or character.
I should not be in any danger here, but experience
has taught me caution. 我在这里应该不会有任何
危险，但是经验告诉我要小心。 。
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 3. verb. 经历 If you experience a particular
situation, you are in that situation or it
happens to you.
We had never experienced this kind of holiday
before and had no idea what to expect... 我们以前
从未有过这样的假期，不知道会怎么样。
For More
 4. verb 感受;体验 If you experience a feeling,
you feel it or are affected by it.
Widows seem to experience more distress than do
widowers. 寡妇似乎比鳏夫更痛苦。
end
 adv. 不幸的是；遗憾的是；令人失望的是 You
can use unfortunately to introduce or refer to a
statement when you consider that it is sad or
disappointing, or when you want to express
regret.
Unfortunately for the Prince, his title brought
obligations as well as privileges... 可惜对于王子
来说，封号赋予他特权的同时也给他带来了义
务。
For more
 1.不幸的；倒霉的 If you describe someone
as unfortunate, you mean that something
unpleasant or unlucky has happened to them.
You can also describe the unpleasant things
that happen to them as unfortunate.
Apparently he had been unfortunate enough to fall
victim to a gang of thugs... 他显然不幸落入了一
群歹徒之手。
For more
 2.不恰当的；尴尬的；棘手的 If you describe
something that has happened as unfortunate,
you think that it is inappropriate, embarrassing,
awkward, or undesirable..
...the unfortunate incident of the upside-down
Canadian flag...
加拿大国旗挂颠倒这种尴尬事儿
end
 1. VERB 忍耐;忍受 If you endure a painful or
difficult situation, you experience it and do not
avoid it or give up, usually because you
cannot
The company endured heavy financial losses. 那家
公司遭受了严重亏损。
For More
 2. VERB 持续;持久 If something endures, it
continues to exist without any loss in quality or
importance.
Somehow the language endures and continues to
survive. 那种语言以某种方式保存下来，并继续
存在下去。
For More
 n.不可数名词 耐力;忍耐力 Endurance is the
ability to continue with an unpleasant or
difficult situation, experience, or activity over a
long period of time.
The exercise obviously will improve strength and
endurance. 这种锻炼会明显改善体力，增加耐
力。
the power to withstand hardship or stress
the marathon tests a runner's endurance
end
 1.adj. 巨大的;极大的;大量的 You use
tremendous to emphasize how strong a
feeling or quality is, or how large an amount
is. .
That's a tremendous amount of information. 那是海
量的信息。
The business is tremendously profitable. 这笔生意利
润巨大。
For More
 2. adj. 精彩的;出色的;极好的 You can describe
someone or something as tremendous when
you think they are very good or very
impressive, extraordinarily good; used
especially as intensifiers;
He was a tremendous person. 他是个非常了不起的
人。
I thought it was absolutely tremendous. 我认为它精
彩极了。
end
 n. 不可数名词 (肉体或内心的)痛苦，苦难，折
磨 Suffering is serious pain which someone
feels in their body or their mind.
They began to recover slowly from their nightmare
of pain and suffering. 他们开始从痛苦的梦魇中
慢慢恢复过来。
vt. 受苦(suffer的现在分词)；蒙受
Are you suffering from an excess of stress in your
life? 你生活中的压力太大吗？
vi. 遭受；受损害；变糟；变差
Without a major boost in tourism, the economy will suffer
even further. 旅游业如果没有大的起色，经济状况会每
况愈下。
The peace process has suffered a serious blow now... 现在和
平进程遭到重创。
suffer from患（某种病），受（某种病痛）折磨；因…而
受罚
You must have suffered from a cold.
你一定是感冒了。
Para. 2 所有动物一样，农场动物同样有感受快乐
和痛苦的能力。不幸的是，农场动物为人类不必
要的使用和消费承受着巨大的痛苦和受难。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十三讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 3a Currently few legal protections exist for
farmed animals. The Federal Animal Welfare
Act does not apply to animal used in agriculture.
Colloquial Acronym of Animal Welfare Act
Long Title
Animal Welfare Act of 1969 intended to regulate
the transport, sale and handling of dogs, cats,
guinea pigs, nonhuman primates, hamsters and
rabbits intended to use for research or other
purposes.
The Animal Welfare Act (Laboratory Animal
Welfare Act of 1966) was signed into law on
August 24, 1966. It is the only Federal law in the
United States that regulates the treatment of
animals in research and exhibition. Other laws,
policies, and guidelines may include additional
species coverage or specifications for animal
care and use, but all refer to the Animal Welfare
as the minimally acceptable standard for animal
treatment and care.
动物福利（animal welfare）是指人为提供给动
物的相应物质条件和采用的行为方式，要保证动
物在健康舒适的状态下生存，使动物处于生理和
心理愉快的感受状态。
A Brief Introduction to the Development of
Animal Welfare
19世纪初，欧洲的一些有识之士最早把同情的目光
投向动物，并在法律实践中解决这个道德议题。
1809年一位英国的勋爵提出一项法案，要求禁止虐
待动物。这项法案在当时遭到人们的嘲笑，结果，
虽然在上院获得通过，但在下院被否决。但是，随
着时间的推移，社会的进步，人们关于动物利益的
思考渐趋成熟。
1822年，英国人道主义者马丁提出禁止虐待动物议
案，获得上下两院通过，这项法案就叫《马丁法》
（Martin’s Act）or The Cruel Treatment of
Cattle Act 1822 。马丁法是世界上第一个反对虐
待动物的法律，首次认定虐待动物本身是一种犯罪，
是动物福利保护史上的里程碑。人们对待动物的态
度从此开始了微妙的变化。
《马丁法》不仅影响到英国的民众，也影响到其他
国家。1850年，法国通过了反虐待动物法律。与此
同时，爱尔兰、德国、奥地利、比利时和荷兰等国
家相继也通过了反虐待动物法律。
到了19世纪末开始以后，随着动物越来越多地用
于生物医学研究的实验中，实验动物的福利就成
了人们关注的焦点，各个国家相关的法律和条款
相继颁布。美国联邦政府1966年颁布的《动物福
利法》，正是在这种背景下出台的，经过1970、
1976、1985、1990年的修订和增加条款，不断地
完善。
3Rs
Replacement 代替
Reduction 减少
Refinement 优化
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十四讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 3a Currently few legal protections exist for
farmed animals. The Federal Animal Welfare
Act does not apply to animal used in agriculture.
1. adj. 法律（上）的；司法的；法制的 Legal is
used to describe things that relate to the law.
He vowed to take legal action. 他誓言要采取法律行
动。
2. adj.合法的；法定的 An action or situation that is
legal is allowed or required by law.
drivers who have more than the legal limit of alcohol.
血液中酒精含量超过法定限度的司机
For More
adv legally 合法地、 法定地
The school is legally responsible for your child's
safety..学校对你的孩子负有法律上的安全责任。
A lorry driver can legally work eighty-two hours a
week. 从法律上讲，货车司机一星期可工作82小
时。
illegal adj. 非法的
Illegal immigrants were given the opportunity to
regularize their position. 非法移民得到了使其身份
合法化的机会
For More
1. adj. 联邦的;联邦制的 A federal country or system
of government is one in which the different states or
provinces of the country have important powers to
make their own laws and decisions.
Five of the six provinces are to become autonomous
regions in a new federal system of government. 在新
的联邦政府体制中，6 省中的 5 个将成为自治区。
For More
2. adj. 归属联邦政府的;与联邦政府有关的 Federal
also means belonging or relating to the national
government of a federal country rather than to one of
the states within it.
The federal government controls just 6% of the
education budget. 联邦政府仅掌控 6％的教育预算。
Federals are the same as feds n. 联邦主义者；同盟盟
友
Federal / State
End
 v. 行动；表现；表演；起作用
 n. 行为；行动；法案，法令
We have to discover his plans and act accordingly.
我们得找出他的计划，照着办。
Hopefully his punishment will act as a deterrent to
others. 对他的惩罚但愿能起到杀一儆百的作用。
Act/ Article/ Case
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十五讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 3b. The Humane Slaughter Act requires
that all animals slaughtered in federal inspected
meat processing plants should render
unconscious to the process of slaughter.
However, this law is poorly enforced and does
not cover chickens and turkeys nor does it cover
ritual or home slaughter.
The Humane Slaughter Act, or the Humane
Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act is a
United States federal law designed to
decrease suffering of livestock during
slaughter. It was approved on August 27,
1958. Although more than 168 million
chickens are killed for food in the United
States yearly, the Humane Slaughter Act
specifically mentions only cattle, calves,
horses, mules, sheep and swine.
Following news reports in early alleging
significant non-compliance, FSIS(美国食品安
全及检验局) assigned additional veterinarians
to its district offices specifically to monitor
humane slaughter and handling procedures
and to report to headquarters on compliance.
Congress designated $5 million of FSIS
funding for hiring 50 additional compliance
inspectors.. A January 2004 report states that
compliance problems persist.
人道屠宰广义上讲就是包括动物的运输、装卸、
停留待宰以及宰杀过程，采取合乎动物行为的
方式，以尽量减少动物的紧张和恐惧。最基本
的要求是在宰杀动物时，必须先将动物“致
昏”、使其失去痛觉、再放血使其死亡。通俗
地说，就是对将死的动物也要实行人道主义，
悲悯主义，对将失去生命的动物多一些善待。
西方很多国家为猪规定了详细的福利待遇。比
如，小猪有从出生开始至少吃13天母乳的权利；
拥有铺了稻草的猪窝的权利；拥有供其拱食的
泥土的权利。2004年，英国新的《猪福利法规》
增加了给猪“玩具”的条文，以避免猪觉得生
活枯燥，不遵守的养殖户将被罚2500英镑。
Animal Cruelty Laws Animal Fighting/Dogfighting Laws
Assistance Animal/Guide Dog Laws
Dog Bite Laws
Dog Breeding Laws (Currently, only 35 states have
adopted dog breeding laws.)
Dog Laws for All Fifty States
Ecoterrorism/State Animal Enterprise Interference Laws
Exotic Pets/Possession of Wild Animal Laws
All breeders must provide a written disclosure upon
the sale of any dog with information such as the
breeder’s name and address, the dog’s birth date,
breed. sex, color, and vet record, and a signed
statement from the breeder that the dog has no
known diseases.
Any breeder who knowingly sells a diseased dog
faces a civil penalty.
The statutes make it unlawful for breeders to fail to
keep dogs in sanitary conditions, or to provide
adequate food, water, exercise and veterinary care.
End
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十六讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 3b. The Humane Slaughter Act requires
that all animals slaughtered in federal inspected
meat processing plants should render
unconscious to the process of slaughter.
However, this law is poorly enforced and does
not cover chickens and turkeys nor does it cover
ritual or home slaughter.
1. adj.人道的;仁慈的;富于同情心的 Humane
people act in a kind, sympathetic way towards
other people and animals, and try to do them as
little harm as possible. 2. adj.合法的；法定的 An
action or situation that is legal is allowed or required
by law.
In the mid-nineteenth century, Dorothea Dix began to
campaign for humane treatment of the mentally ill. 在
19世纪中叶，多罗西娅·迪克斯开始发起为精神病
患者争取人道待遇的运动。
For More
2. adj.（价值观、社会）博爱的，仁爱的，人文的
Humane values and societies encourage people
to act in a kind and sympathetic way towards
others, even towards people they do not agree
with or like.
...the humane values of socialism... 社会主义的人文
价值观
Their aim is for a more just and humane society. 他们
的目标是建立一个更加公正、博爱的社会。
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n. 人，人类
adj. 人的；有人性的；显示人类特有弱点的；人本
性的
The human race has enough weapons to annihilate
itself. 人类有足够的武器灭绝自己。
We're not perfect. We're only human. 我们并不完美。
我们只是凡人。
end
1. v. 加工；处理 When raw materials or foods are
processed, they are prepared in factories before
they are used or sold.
The material will be processed into plastic pellets. 这
些材料将会被加工成塑料小球。
...diets high in refined and processed foods. 包含很多
精制食品和加工食品的饮食
processing
America sent cotton to England for processing. 美国
把棉花运到英格兰进行加工。
...nuclear fuel processing plant. 核燃料处理厂。
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2. n. 过程；进程 A process is a series of actions
which are carried out in order to achieve a
particular result.
There was total agreement to start the peace process as
soon as possible. 全体一致同意尽快开始和平进程。
They decided to spread the building process over three
years. 他们决定用3年时间建成。
The best way to proceed is by a process of elimination.
继续进行下去的最佳方式是实行淘汰制。
End
1. v. 动词致使;造成 You can use render with an
adjective that describes a particular state to
say that someone or something is changed
into that state. For example, if someone or
something makes a thing harmless, you can
say that they render it harmless.
It contained so many errors as to render it
worthless. 它错误太多,所以毫无用处。
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2. verb. 给予(帮助);提供(服务) If you render
someone help or service, you help them.
He had a chance to render some service to
his country. 他有了一个为国服务的机会。
Any assistance you can render him will be
appreciated. 无论给予他何种帮助，他都会非
常感激。
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3. verb. 翻译 To render something in a particular
language or in a particular way means to
translate it into that language or in that way.
All the signs and announcements were
rendered in English and Spanish. 所有的指示
标志和公告都被译成了英语和西班牙语。
End
1. adj. 不省人事的；失去知觉的；神志不清的
Someone who is unconscious is in a state
similar to sleep, usually as the result of a
serious injury or a lack of oxygen.
By the time ambulance men arrived he was
unconscious. 救护人员到达时他已经不省人事
了。
For More
2. adj. 不知道的；未觉察的；没注意到的 If you
are unconscious of something, you are
unaware of it.
He himself seemed totally unconscious of his
failure. 他本人似乎对自己的失败全然不知。
Mr Smith was apparently quite unconscious of
their presence. 巴特斯比先生显然没有注意到
他们在场。
For More
3. adj. 潜意识的；无意识的 If feelings or attitudes
are unconscious, you are not aware that you
have them, but they show in the way that you
behave.
Unconscious envy manifests itself very often
as this kind of arrogance.
潜意识里的嫉妒常表现为这种傲慢自大。
For More
1. adj.人道的;仁慈的;富于同情心的 Humane
people act in a kind, sympathetic way towards
other people and animals, and try to do them as
little harm as possible. 2. adj.合法的；法定的 An
action or situation that is legal is allowed or required
by law.
In the mid-nineteenth century, Dorothea Dix began to
campaign for humane treatment of the mentally ill. 在
19世纪中叶，多罗西娅·迪克斯开始发起为精神病
患者争取人道待遇的运动。
For More
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十七讲
授课教师：曹瑜
2. verb 强行实施；强加；迫使 To enforce
something means to force or cause it to be
done or to happen.
They struggled to limit the cost by enforcing a
low-tech specification... 他们通过实施低技术
规格拼命限制成本。
David is now living in Beirut again after an
enforced absence. 戴维在被迫离开后，现在
又回到了贝鲁特生活。
For More
n.不可数名词执行;实施 If someone carries out
the enforcement of an act or rule, they
enforce it.
Doctors want stricter enforcement of existing
laws, such as those banning sales of
cigarettes to children.
医生们希望加大现行法律的执行力度，如禁止
向孩童出售香烟。
End
1. n.典礼;(宗教)仪式 A ritual is a religious service
or other ceremony which involves a series of
actions performed in a fixed order.
This is the most ancient, and holiest of the
Shinto rituals. 这是最古老、最神圣的神道教仪
式。
These ceremonies were already part of preChristian ritual in Mexico. 这些仪式已经成为墨
西哥基督教时期以前的宗教仪式的一部分。
For More
2. adj 仪式性的;传统的 Ritual activities happen
as part of a ritual or tradition.
…fastings and ritual dancing. 斋戒和传统舞蹈。
3. n. 风俗;习惯 A ritual is a way of behaving or a
series of actions which people regularly carry out
in a particular situation, because it is their custom
to do so.
Cocktails at the Plaza was a nightly ritual of their
sophisticated world. 到广场饭店喝鸡尾酒是他们
这个时髦的圈子中的人每晚必做的事情。
For More
4. adj. 例行公事般的;习惯性的;老规矩的 You can
describe something as a ritual action when it
is done in exactly the same way whenever a
particular situation occurs.
I realized that here the conventions required
me to make the ritual noises. 我意识到此时按
照惯例我应该说些客套话。
End
Para. 3 现在对农场动物极少有法律保护。《联邦
动物福利法案》并不适用于农业用途的动物。虽
然《人道屠宰法案》要求，所有联邦肉类加工厂
屠宰的动物应当在宰杀过程中处于无意识状态，
然而，该法令的执行状况不佳，而且它既不包括
对小鸡和火鸡的屠宰，也不包含在宗教仪式上以
及居民家中的屠宰。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十八讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 4a The only other federal law that
addresses welfare of animals raised for food or
food production is the “28 hour law”, which
generally requires that livestock being
transported be humanely unloaded into pens for
food, water and at least 5 hours of rest every 28
hours.
1. n.住址；地址 Your address is the number of the
house, flat, or apartment and the name of the street
and the town where you live or work.
2. verb. 寄往;寄给 If a letter, envelope, or parcel is
addressed to you, your name and address have been
written on it
(usu passive)Applications should be addressed to:
The business affairs editor. 申请表应寄给:商务编辑。
For More
3. verb. 称呼（某人）；给…冠以（某种称呼） If
you address someone by a name or a title
such as 'sir', you call them that name or title
when you talk or write to them.
I heard him address her as darling.
我听见他称她为“亲爱的” 。
The Duchess should be addressed as Your Grace.
公爵夫人应被称为“大人”。
For More
4. verb.向…作正式讲话;对…发表演说 If you
address a group of people, you give a speech
to them.
He is due to address a conference on human
rights next week.
他下星期将在一个大会上发表关于人权的演说。
End
1. vt. 举起；抬高 If you raise something, you
move it so that it is in a higher position.
He raised his hand to wave.
他举手挥动起来。
She went to the window and raised the blinds.
她走到窗前，拉起了百叶窗。
For More
2. vt. 升起，举起（旗帜） If you raise a flag, you
display it by moving it up a pole or into a high
place where it can be seen.
They had raised the white flag in surrender...
他们举白旗投降了。
At midnight, the German flag will be raised
over the building.
半夜时，德国国旗将在大厦升起。
For More
3. verb.增加；提高 If you raise the rate or level of
something, you increase it.
Two incidents in recent days have raised the
level of concern. 最近发生的两起事件引发了
更多人的关注。
4. verb.提高（水平）；改善 To raise the
standard of something means to improve it.
a new drive to raise standards of literacy in
Britain's schools. 提高英国学校文化水平的新
运动
For More
5. 动词（为慈善组织、机构等）募捐，筹（款） If you
raise money for a charity or an institution, you ask
people for money which you collect on its behalf.
All funds raised will be used by Children With
Leukemia. 所有募集到的资金都将用于“白血病患儿”
组织。
6. 养育；抚养 Someone who raises a child looks after it until it
is grown up.
My mother was an amazing woman. She raised four of us
kids virtually singlehandedly. 我的母亲是位了不起的女
性。她几乎是一个人把我们4个孩子带大的。
End
1. adv. 笼统地；概括地 You use generally to give
a summary of a situation, activity, or idea
without referring to the particular details of it.
University teachers generally have admitted a
lack of enthusiasm about their subjects.
高校教师大体上承认对其所教专业缺乏热情。
Speaking generally, the space enterprise has
served astronomy well.
总的说来，航空企业很好地促进了天文学的发
展。
For More
2. adv.通常地；一般地；普遍地 You use
generally to say that something happens or is
used on most occasions but not on every
occasion.
As women we generally say and feel too
much about these things.
作为女性，我们通常在这些事情上谈得过多，
过于敏锐。
It is generally true that the darker the fruit the
higher its iron content. 一般来说，水果颜色越
深，含铁量就越高。
end
n. 不可数集合名词（牛、羊等）家畜，牲畜，牲
口 Animals such as cattle and sheep which
are kept on a farm are referred to as livestock.
The heavy rains and flooding killed scores of
livestock. 暴雨和大水淹死了许多牲口。
livestock husbandry/livestock agriculture畜牧业
livestock farm牧场
1. verb. 运输;运送 To transport people or goods
somewhere is to take them from one place to
another in a vehicle.
There's no petrol, so it's very difficult to
transport goods. 没有汽油，因此很难运输货
物。
They use tankers to transport the oil to Los
Angeles. 他们用油轮把石油输送到洛杉矶。
The troops were transported to Moscow. 部队
被运往莫斯科。
For More
2. n不可数名词 交通运输系统;公共交通(网)
Transport is a system for taking people or
goods from one place to another, for example
using buses or trains.
The extra money could be spent on improving
public transport. 多余的资金可以用于改善公共
交通系统。
The sudden onset of winter caused havoc with
rail and air transport… 冬天的突然降临让铁路
和航空运输系统陷入混乱。
End
1. verb. 卸下（货物）；从…上卸货 If you unload
goods from a vehicle, or you unload a vehicle,
you remove the goods from the vehicle,
usually after they have been transported from
one place to another.
Unload everything from the boat and clean it
thoroughly. 把所有东西从船上卸下来，然后把
船彻底清理一下
They were reported to be unloading trucks filled
with looted furniture. 有人举报说他们正在从满
满当当的卡车上卸洗劫来的家具。
Para. 4a 唯一一个旨在保护家畜的联邦法令就是
“28小时法案”。该法律规定，在运输过程中，
将家畜以人道的方式装载于有食物和饮用水的围
栏中，且每28小时要给家畜至少休息5小时。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第九十九讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 4b The efficiency of this law is
questionable, however; because it is unclear as to
whether it applies to transportation in large trucks
as opposed to rail, and because most farmed
animals in the U.S. are transported by truck, the
law is rarely if ever enforced.
1. n.不可数名词效率;效能;功效 Efficiency is the quality of
being able to do a task successfully, without wasting
time or energy.
There are many ways to increase agricultural
efficiency in the poorer areas of the world.
有很多方法能够提高世界贫困地区的农业效率。
2. n不可数名词（物理学、工程学中的）效率，功率
In physics and engineering, efficiency is the ratio
between the amount of energy a machine needs to
make it work, and the amount it produces.
For More
adj. 效率高的;效能高的 If something or someone is
efficient, they are able to do tasks successfully,
without wasting time or energy.
With today's more efficient contraception women can
plan their families and careers. 如今有了更加有效的避
孕方法，女性便可以规划她们的家庭和事业。
adv. efficiently
We work very efficiently and am decisive, and
accurate in my judgment.
我们工作非常有效率，处事果断，而且判断准确。
inefficient adj. 低效率的、无能的
End
adj. 不可靠的;有问题的;不确定的 If you say that
something is questionable, you mean that it is not
completely honest, reasonable, or acceptable.
He has been dogged by allegations of questionable
business practices.他一直被那些指控他有不正当商业
行为的说法所困扰。
It is questionable whether the expenditure on this
project is really justified. 该项目的开支是否真的合理还
未可知。
The film is a comedy in highly questionable taste. 这
是一部品位很成问题的喜剧片。
For More
questionable, doubtful, ambiguous, uncertain
这些形容词均含“怀疑的，不确定的”之意。
questionable： 通常指怀疑某行为是否恰当，或指有根有
据的怀疑。
doubtful： 指对某个问题持积极怀疑的，有疑问的态度，
强调缺乏确信。
ambiguous： 指因缺乏明确感或因为有各种不同的解释而
值得怀疑。
uncertain： 多指因缺乏证据或了解而捉摸不定，也指因不
能预料而不能作出选择。
End
适用于；运用；致力于；涂抹
These principles apply to learning maths.
这些原则适用于学习数学。
Apply some medicine to his wound.
给他的伤口上点药吧。
For More
1. verb申请;请求 If you apply for something such as a
job or membership of an organization, you write a
letter or fill in a form in order to ask formally for it.
I am continuing to apply for jobs... 我正在继续找
工作。
They may apply to join the organization. 他们可以
申请加入该组织。
For More
2.verb适用;适合 If something such as a rule or a remark
applies to a person or in a situation, it is relevant to the
person or the situation.
The convention does not apply to us. 这条惯例对我们不适
用。
The rule applies where a person owns stock in a corporation.
该规定适用于持有公司股票的人。
3. verb 应用;运用 If you apply something such as a rule,
system, or skill, you use it in a situation or activity. 。
His project is concerned with applying the technology to
practical business problems. 他的项目是将这项技术应用
于实际的商务问题 。
For More
4. verb涂抹；敷用；施用 If you apply something to
a surface, you put it on or rub it into the surface.
The right thing would be to apply direct pressure to
the wound... 正确的做法是直接按住伤口。
Applying the dye can be messy, particularly on
long hair. 涂抹染发剂可能会搞得一团糟，特别
是长发 。
End
vt&vi 反对；阻挠 If you oppose someone or oppose
their plans or ideas, you disagree with what they
want to do and try to prevent them from doing it.
Mr Taylor was not bitter towards those who had
opposed him. 泰勒先生对那些曾反对过他的人
并未怀恨在心。
Many parents oppose bilingual education in
schools. 很多家长反对学校实行双语教育。
For More
反对
He tends to angry when people oppose to his plan.
别人反对他的意见时，他很容易生气。
Admittedly, those who oppose to the viewpoint
also have their reasons to a certain extent.
我们必须承认，那些反对此观点的人们也有一
定的道理。
For More
n. （强烈的）反对，敌对 Opposition is strong, angry, or
violent disagreement and disapproval.
The government is facing a new wave of opposition in the
form of a student strike... 政府面临着学生通过罢课掀起
的新一轮反对浪潮。
Much of the opposition to this plan has come from the
media. 该计划的主要反对声音来自媒体。
（议会或立法机构中的）反对党，在野党，反对
派
（体育比赛中的）对手，竞争者，竞争队伍
End
adv. 难得地；少见地 If something rarely happens, it does
not happen very often.
I deal with customers on the phone and rarely meet
them face-to-face.
我用电话和客户打交道，很少和他们见面。
Prosecution for a first minor offence rarely leads
to imprisonment.
因初犯轻罪被控者很少被判监禁。
For More
1.稀有的；罕见的；珍奇的 Something that is rare is not
common and is therefore interesting or valuable.
the black-necked crane, one of the rarest species in the
world... 黑颈鹤，世界最稀有的物种之一
She collects rare plants... 她收集稀有植物。
2.少见的；不常发生的 An event or situation that is rare does
not occur very often
Heart attacks were extremely rare in babies, he said... 婴儿
极少有心脏病发作的情况，他说。
End
3（肉类）半熟的，嫩的 Meat that is rare is cooked
very lightly so that the inside is still red.
Thick tuna steaks are eaten rare, like beef.
像牛肉一样，厚的金枪鱼排做到半熟即可食用。
Waiter, I specifically asked for this steak rare.
服务员，我特别强调了这块牛排要做得嫩些。
End
Para. 4 然而，该法律是否奏效还得打个问号，因
为该法律未明确规定它是适用于大型卡车还是火
车的运输，而由于美国大多数农场是由卡车运
输 ，因此这项法律从未执行过。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 5 Unlike family farms of the past, most
animals used in agriculture today are part of highproduction factory farms that treat animals as
little more than machines.
1. n 不可数名词（大量）生产，制造，Production is the
process of manufacturing or growing something in large
quantities.
That model won't go into production before late 1990. 那种
型号在20世纪90年代末以前不会批量生产。
...tax incentives to encourage domestic production of oil. 鼓励
国内石油生产的税收优惠政策
2. 不可数名词 产量 Production is the amount of goods
manufactured or grown by a company or country.
We needed to increase the volume of production. 我们需要
提高产量。
It expected to maintain production of cars at the same level
as last year. 预期今年汽车的产量会和去年持平。
For More
3. 不可数名词 产生；形成；生成 The production of
something is its creation as the result of a natural process.
These proteins stimulate the production of blood cells. 这
些蛋白质会刺激血细胞的产生。
4. 不可数名词（戏剧的）排演；（电影、电视节目的）制
作；（唱片的）灌制 Production is the process of
organizing and preparing a play, film, program, or CD, in
order to present it to the public.
During the film's production, the director wanted to shoot a
riot scene but the filming was blocked... 在影片摄制期间，
导演想拍摄一个暴乱场面，但是被禁止了。
She is head of the production company. 她是制片公司的负
责人。
End
1. vt. 对待;看待;处理 If you treat someone or something in a
particular way, you behave towards them or deal with them
in that way.
Police say they're treating it as a case of attempted murder.
警方称他们正把它当作一起谋杀未遂案件来处理。
2. vt. 治疗;医治 When a doctor or nurse treats a patient or an
illness, he or she tries to make the patient well again.
The boy was treated for a minor head wound... 那个男孩
因头部轻伤接受了治疗。
For More
4. vt请(客);招待;款待 If you treat someone to something
special which they will enjoy, you buy it or arrange it for
them.
She was always treating him to ice cream. 她总是请他吃
冰激凌。
Tomorrow I'll treat myself to a day's gardening. 明天我将
犒劳一下自己——享受一天的园艺乐趣。
5. n请客;款待 If you give someone a treat, you buy or arrange
something special for them which they will enjoy.
Lettie had never yet failed to return from town without
some special treat for him. 莱蒂每次从城里回来都必定会
给他带点特别的礼物
End
Para. 5 和过去家庭农场不同，如今大多数农业
动物已经成为高产型农场的一部分，在那里，动
物就等同于机器。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百零一讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 6a In factory farms, animals suffering exists
on an almost unimaginable scale. Thousands of
animals are confined in extremely small spaces
to maximize production.
adj. 不可想象的；难以理解的；异乎寻常的 If you describe
something as unimaginable, you are emphasizing that it is
difficult to imagine or understand properly, because it is not
part of people's normal experience.
The scale of the fighting is almost unimaginable... 战斗的规
模几乎无法想象。
The children here have lived through unimaginable horrors.
这里的孩子经历了难以想象的恐惧。
adv. unimaginably
Conditions in prisons out there are unimaginably bad. 那里
的监狱条件恶劣得无法想象。
1. 单数名词大小;(尤指庞大的)规模,范围,程度 If you refer
to the scale of something, you are referring to its size or
extent, especially when it is very big.
However, he underestimates the scale of the problem.. 然
而，他低估了问题的严重性。
You may feel dwarfed by the sheer scale of the place... 看
到此处气势如此恢宏，你可能会觉得自己很渺小。
full-scale; large-scale; small-scale
For More
2.等级;级别;等级体系 A scale is a set of levels or numbers
which are used in a particular system of measuring things
or are used when comparing things.
…an earthquake measuring five-point-five on the Richter
scale... 里氏 5.5 级地震
The patient rates the therapies on a scale of zero to ten... 患
者按十分制给这些治疗方法打分。
For More
3. 复数名词 天平;秤;磅秤 Scales are a piece of equipment
used for weighing things, for example for weighing
amounts of food that you need in order to make a particular
meal.
a pair of kitchen scales. 一台厨房秤
...bathroom scales... 浴室体重秤
I step on the scales practically every morning.
我几乎每天早上都称一下体重。
For More
4. (地图、图纸、模型的)比例，比例尺 The scale of a map,
plan, or model is the relationship between the size of
something in the map, plan, or model and its size in the real
world.
The map, on a scale of 1:10,000, shows over 5,000
individual paths.
该地图以 1:10,000 的比例尺显示了 5,000 多条不同道路。
End
adv副词（用于形容词和副词前）非常，极其 You use
extremely in front of adjectives and adverbs to emphasize
that the specified quality is present to a very great degree.
My mobile phone is extremely useful... 我的手机非常有
用。
These headaches are extremely common... 这类头痛非常
常见。
Three of them are working extremely well. 他们中有3个
人工作非常好。
For More
1. adj.极端的 You use extreme to describe situations and
behavior which are much more severe or unusual than you
would expect, especially when you disapprove of them
because of this.
It is hard to imagine Linker capable of anything so
extreme... 很难想象莱恩克尔能做出如此极端的事情。
For More
2. adj偏激的;过激的 You use extreme to describe opinions,
beliefs, or political movements which you disapprove of
because they are very different from those that most people
would accept as reasonable or normal.
This extreme view hasn't captured popular opinion. 这种偏
激的观点未被大众接受。
For More
3. 走极端;使…至极端 If a person goes to extremes or takes
something to extremes, they do or say something in a way
that people consider to be unacceptable, unreasonable, or
foolish.
The police went to the extremes of installing the most advanced
safety devices in the man's house... 警方采取极端措施，
在那个男子家里安装了最先进的安全装置。
The doctor told me not to mention dieting to her in case she
took it to the extreme... 医生告诉我不要跟她提节食的事
儿，免得她走极端。
End
动词 使增加至最大限度;充分利用(或重视) If you
maximize something, you make it as great in amount or
importance as you can.
In order to maximize profit the firm would seek to
maximize output...
为了获得最大利润，这家公司会把产量增至最大。
They were looking for suitable ways of maximizing their
electoral support.
他们正在寻找合适的途径来最大限度地获得选民的支持。
For More
动词使减至最低程度;使保持最低程度 If you minimize a
risk, problem, or unpleasant situation, you reduce it to the
lowest possible level, or prevent it increasing beyond that
level.
Many of these problems can be minimized by sensible
planning. 这些问题很多可以通过合理安排尽可能避免。
Maximum & Minimum
End
Para. 6a 在工厂农场中，动物猛兽的痛苦程度简
直无法想象。为了获取生产最大值，成千上万的
动物被圈养在极其狭小的空间内。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百零二讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 6b They are subjected to painful
mutilations such as toe removal, dehorning and
castration, without benefit of pain relief.
受；遭受
Caged birds should not be subjected to sudden variations of
temperature.
不要使笼中鸟遭受突然的温度变化。
If convicted, they may not be subjected to cruel or unusual
punishment.
如果被判有罪，他们不得受到酷刑或非常惩罚。
Like any new product entering the chain, genetically
modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing.
就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品
必须经过严格的检验
For More
1. 主题;题目;话题;题材;问题 The subject of something such
as a conversation, letter, or book is the thing that is being
discussed or written about.
It was I who first raised the subject of plastic surgery. 是我
第一个提到整形手术这个话题的。
2. 可数名词(知识、研究)领域;(尤指)学科，科目，课程 A
subject is an area of knowledge or study, especially one
that you study at school, college, or university.
Surprisingly, mathematics was voted their favorite subject.
令人惊讶的是，数学课被选为他们最喜欢的科目。
For More
3. adj 可能受…影响的;易遭受…的 To be subject to
something means to be affected by it or to be likely to be
affected by it.
Prices may be subject to alteration. 价格可能会有所变动。
4. verb. 使经受;使遭受 If you subject someone to something
unpleasant, you make them experience it.
...the man who had subjected her to four years of beatings
and abuse... 使她遭受了 4 年毒打和辱骂的男人
Innocent civilians are being arrested and subjected to
inhumane treatment. 无辜的平民正被逮捕并遭受非人的
虐待。
End
1. mutilation n. 破坏 损毁
She had suffered severe facial mutilations after an accident.
她在事故中被严重毁容。
2. mutilate v使残缺不全;使受到严重损伤 If a person or
animal is mutilated, their body is severely damaged,
usually by someone who physically attacks them.
More than 30 horses have been mutilated in the last nine
months... 在过去9个月里，超过30匹马受了重伤。
He tortured and mutilated six young men... 他严刑拷问了6
名年轻男子。
For More
3. 动词(故意)毁坏，破坏 If something is mutilated, it is
deliberately damaged or spoiled.
Brecht's verdict was that his screenplay had been mutilated.
布雷赫特的结论是他的电影剧本已被窜改。
I discovered a mutilated cassette stuffed in a wastebasket. 我
发现一盘被弄坏的盒式磁带丢在废纸篓里。
End
2. 搬家;搬移;搬迁 Removal is the process of transporting
furniture or equipment from one building to another.
mainly BRIT
Home removals are best done in cool weather... 最好在天
气凉爽时搬家。
They were in the furniture removal business. 他们做家具
搬运生意。
...a removal van. 搬家卡车。
For More
1. 不可数名词 消除;去除 The removal of something is the act
of removing it.
What they expected to be the removal of a small lump
turned out to be major surgery.
他们原以为只需切除小肿块的手术最后变成了一次大
手术。
Parliament had decided that his removal from power was
illegal.
国会决议认为他的免职是非法的。
For More
1. 动词 移动;搬动;取出 If you remove something from a place,
you take it away.
As soon as the cake is done, remove it from the oven... 蛋
糕一烤好，立即把它从烤箱中取出。
At least three bullets were removed from his wounds... 从
他的伤口至少取出了3颗子弹。
2. 动词免除(职务) If people remove someone from power or
from something such as a committee, they stop them being
in power or being a member of the committee.
The president could only be removed from power once free
elections were organized.
总统只有在开始自由选举时才能被免职。
End
1. 不可数名词 宽慰;安心;欣慰;解脱 If you feel a sense of
relief, you feel happy because something unpleasant has
not happened or is no longer happening.
I breathed a sigh of relief...
我如释重负地松了口气。
The news will come as a great relief to the French
authorities...
这个消息会让法国当局大大松一口气。
For More
2. 不可数名词 (疼痛或苦痛的)解除，免除，减轻，缓解 If
something provides relief from pain or distress, it stops the
pain or distress.
This brought considerable relief from the pain. 这相当大地
缓解了疼痛。
3. 不可数名词 救济;救援物资 Relief is money, food, or
clothing that is provided for people who are very poor, or
who have been affected by war or a natural disaster.
Relief agencies are stepping up efforts to provide food,
shelter and agricultural equipment. 救济机构正加大力度
提供食物、住所和农用器械。
...famine relief. 饥荒救济
End
1. 动词缓和，缓解，减轻，解除(不愉快的情绪或形势) If
something relieves an unpleasant feeling or situation, it
makes it less unpleasant or causes it to disappear
completely.
Drugs can relieve much of the pain.
药物能够大大地缓解病痛。
This should save her from boredom and will also relieve
the pressure on you to keep her entertained.
这能使她不会感到厌倦，而且也会减轻你的压力，不
必总想着逗她开心。
For More
2. 动词使（从…中）解脱出来 If someone relieves you of
something, they take it away from you.
FORMAL 正式
A porter relieved her of the three large cases. 一个行李搬
运工替她扛了3个大包。
For More
3. 动词解除（或免除）…的职务 If someone is relieved of
their duties or is relieved of their post, they are told that
they are no longer required to continue in their job.
FORMAL 正式
The officer involved was relieved of his duties because he
had violated strict guidelines.
那名相关的官员被免除了职务，因为他违反了要求严
格的规章制度。
The party leader has been relieved of his post.
这个党的领导人被免除了职务。
For More
Para. 6b 他们在无任何直通措施的情况下，遭受
痛苦的肢解，如被阉割，割掉脚趾和拔出双角。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百零三讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 6c They frequently die during
transportation in over crowded trucks. Once
arriving at the slaughterhouse, they may have
their throats cut or be boiled alive while still
conscious.
1. Frequent adj.经常性的;频繁的 If something is frequent, it
happens often.
He is a frequent visitor to the house. 他是这家的常客。
2. frequently adv
Iron and folic acid supplements are frequently given to
pregnant women.
铁剂和叶酸片常被配给孕妇服用。
2. Frequent 动词常到;常去 If someone frequents a particular
place, they regularly go there.
FORMAL 正式
I hear he frequents that restaurant. 我听说他经常光顾那家
餐厅。
For More
Have 使役动词 让别人做了一件事
Have my hair cut
Have the car maintained
Have the house cleaned
Have the shirt ironed
For More
1. 动词（使）达到沸点；（使）沸腾；（使）烧开 When a
hot liquid boils or when you boil it, bubbles appear in it
and it starts to change into steam or vapor.
I stood in the kitchen, waiting for the water to boil.
我站在厨房，等着水烧开。
2. 动词用开水煮；在开水中煮 When you boil food, or when
it boils, it is cooked in boiling water.
I‘d peel potatoes and put them on to boil. 我要削掉土豆皮
然后把它们煮熟。
keep the pot boiling 保持活力，保持干劲，保持兴趣
a home win over Sheffield kept the pot boiling.
主场战胜谢菲尔德联队使得精神愈发高涨。
For More
boil down into
归根结底是，减缩成，概括成
The teacher asked me to boil down the report into one page.
老师让我把报告缩短为一页。
boil down to
重点是；将…归结为 If you say that a situation or problem
boils down to a particular thing or can be boiled down to a
particular thing, you mean that this is the most important or
the most basic aspect of it.
What they want boils down to just one thing. It is land... 他
们说穿了就是想要一样东西，那就是土地。
End
1. 形容词活着的 If people or animals are alive, they are not
dead.
She does not know if he is alive or dead.
她不知道他是生是死。
They kept her alive on a life support machine.
他们用呼吸机维持她的生命。
2. 形容词有活力的；有生气的 If you say that someone seems
alive, you mean that they seem to be very lively and to
enjoy everything that they do.
Our relationship made me feel more alive... 我们的关系使
我感到更有活力。
I never expected to feel so alive in my life again. 我怎么也
没想到自己会再一次这样活力焕发。
For More
3. 形容词热闹的；活跃的 If a place is alive with something,
there are a lot of people or things there and it seems busy or
exciting.
The river was alive with birds... 沿河活跃着各种鸟类。
The street was alive with the sounds of the soldiers. 这条街道
上到处都是士兵的声音。
For More
4（使）恢复生机（使）再度活跃 If people, places, or events
come alive, they start to be lively again after a quiet period.
If someone or something brings them alive, they cause
them to come alive.
The doctor's voice had come alive and his small eyes shone.
医生的嗓音恢复了活力，两只小眼睛也有了神采。
5. （使）变得生动；（使）变得有趣；（使）显得逼真 If a
story or description comes alive, it becomes interesting,
lively, or realistic. If someone or something brings it alive,
they make it seem more interesting, lively, or realistic.
She made history come alive with tales from her own
memories... 通过讲述自己记忆中的故事，她把逝去的
岁月变得生动起来。
End
1. 形容词 注意到的;意识到的 If you are conscious of
something, you notice it or realize that it is happening.
He was conscious of the faint, musky aroma of after-shave.
他注意到了须后水淡淡的麝香味。
2.（尤指由于不满或自觉重要而)注意的，关注的 If you are
conscious of something, you think about it a lot, especially
because you are unhappy about it or because you think it is
important.
I'm very conscious of my weight... 我很在意自己的体重。
He is acutely conscious that this transition will bring with it
the risk of social unrest. 他非常清楚这种转变伴随着社会
动乱的危险。
For More
3. 形容词(记忆或想法)有意识的，意识到的 Conscious
memories or thoughts are ones that you are aware of.
He had no conscious memory of his four-week stay in
hospital... 他对自己住院的4个星期没有任何有意识的记
忆。
Beneath the conscious mind there are many levels of the
unconscious. 在意识心理之下存在很多层次的无意识。
consciously
Most people cannot consciously remember much before the
ages of 5 to 7 years... 大多数人在5至7岁之前没有多少有
意识的记忆。
Sometimes we are not consciously aware of these feelings.
有时候我们没有意识到这些情感。
For More
4.形容词(决定、行动等)有意的，刻意的 A conscious
decision or action is made or done deliberately with you
giving your full attention to it.
I don't think we ever made a conscious decision to have a
big family... 我觉得我们没有刻意地决定要生很多孩子。
Make a conscious effort to relax your muscles. 有意识地放
松肌肉。
consciously
Sophie was not consciously seeking a replacement after her
father died. 父亲去世后，索菲并没有刻意地寻找替代他
的人。
End
Para. 6c 在运输途中，动物往往死在拥挤不堪的
卡车里。一旦到达屠宰场，他们在被宰杀的过程
中，往往在切断喉咙的霎那，或者在被煮沸的时
候仍然有意识。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百四讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 7a Now more people are working to
increase awareness about the pain of farmed
animals, encourage legislation aimed at
protection farmed animals, and promote a plantbased diet.
1. 形容词知道的；明白的 If you are aware of something, you
know about it.
Smokers are well aware of the dangers to their own health... 吸
烟的人都知道吸烟对自身健康的危害。
He should have been aware of what his junior officers were
doing... 他本应该清楚自己下级们的所作所为。
He must have been aware that my parents' marriage was
breaking up. 他一定已经知道我父母的婚姻即将破裂。
For More
awareness
The 1980s brought an awareness of green issues...
20世纪80年代人们开始意识到“绿色问题”。
There has been an increasing awareness that many people are
affected by crime.
人们越来越清楚地认识到很多人受到犯罪活动的影响。
For More
2. 形容词注意到的；察觉到的；意识到的 If you are aware
of something, you realize that it is present or is happening
because you hear it, see it, smell it, or feel it.
She was acutely aware of the noise of the city... 她对城市
噪音很敏感。
3. 形容词警觉的；警惕的 Someone who is aware notices what
is happening around them or happening in the place where
they live.
They are politically very aware. 他们政治上非常警觉。
awareness
He introduced radio to the school to increase the children's
awareness. 他在学校开通广播，以提高孩子们的警觉性
End
不可数名词法律；法规； 立法； 法例Legislation consists of
a law or laws passed by a government.
a letter calling for legislation to protect women's rights.
一封呼吁立法保护妇女权益的信
New laws will soon replace existing legislation.
新法律即将取代现行法规。
an important piece of legislation
一条重要的法规
legislation designed to combat sexism in the work place
旨在抵制工作场所的性别歧视的法规
1. 动词促进；增进；提倡 If people promote something, they
help or encourage it to happen, increase, or spread.
You don't have to sacrifice environmental protection to
promote economic growth... 不必为了促进经济增长而牺
牲环境保护。
In many ways, our society actively promotes alcoholism. 我
们的社会从多个方面助长了酗酒的风气。
promotion
The government has pledged to give the promotion of
democracy higher priority. 政府已经保证把促进民主摆在
更重要的位置。
...disease prevention and health promotion. 预防疾病和增进
健康
For More
2. 动词促销；推广；推销 If a firm promotes a product, it tries
to increase the sales or popularity of that product
Paul Weller has announced a full British tour to promote his
second solo album.
保罗·韦勒已经宣布到英国巡演，以推广他的第二张专
辑。
...a special St Lucia week where the island could be promoted
as a tourist destination.
在特殊的圣卢西亚活动周期间这个岛屿可以作为旅游胜
地进行宣传推广
For More
3. 动词晋升；提升； If someone is promoted, they are given a
more important job or rank in the organization that they
work for.
I was promoted to editor and then editorial director.
我先是被提升为编辑，然后又晋升为编务总监。
In fact, those people have been promoted.
事实上，那些人已经升职了。
For More
4. 动词使（联赛队伍）升级 If a team that competes in a
league is promoted, it starts competing in a higher division
in the next season because it was one of the most successful
teams in the lower division.
BRIT 英
Woodford Green won the Second Division title and are
promoted to the First Division.
伍德福德格林队赢得了乙级联赛的冠军，成功升甲。
promotion
Fans of Leeds United have been celebrating their team's
promotion to the first division.
利兹联队的球迷们一直都在庆祝他们的球队升入甲级联
赛。
End
1. 名词日常饮食;日常食物 Your diet is the type and range of
food that you regularly eat.
It's never too late to improve your diet. 什么时候改善饮食都为
时不晚。
...a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables... 富含水果和蔬菜
的健康饮食
Poor diet and excess smoking will seriously damage the health
of your hair. 不合理饮食和过度吸烟会严重损害头发的
健康。
For More
2可数名词(医生指定的)特别饮食，规定饮食 If a doctor puts
someone on a diet, he or she makes them eat a special type
or range of foods in order to improve their health
He was put on a diet of milky food.
他按照医嘱要食用乳制品。
...a special diet for children with high cholesterol. 专为胆固醇
高的孩子准备的特别饮食
For More
3. 名词（为减轻体重的）限制饮食，节食 If you are on a diet,
you eat special kinds of food or you eat less food than usual
because you are trying to lose weight.
Have you been on a diet? You've lost a lot of weight.
你最近在节食吗？你瘦了好多。
Diet and exercise will alter your shape.
节食和锻炼会改变你的身材。
I've only lost sixteen pounds since I started this diet.
从这次节食开始到现在我只减了16磅。
For More
diet pill 减肥药物
This new diet pill is supposed to work very well.
这新型减肥药听说会很有效
diet coke 低热量可乐 /健怡可乐
diet food 低热值食物
For More
Para. 7a现在越来越多的人致力于提高大众的公共
意识，使人们意识到农场动物所遭受的痛苦；同
时他们也在推动旨在保护农场动物的法律出台，
并鼓励人们多食用植物类的食物。
继续教育学院
School of Continuing Education, Jilin University
新发展英语（一）
第一百零五讲
授课教师：曹瑜
Text Study
Para. 7b One of the most powerful tools in the
fight against the abuse of farmed animals is the
Going Veggie Guide, designed to help people
make simple, daily food choices that can save
animals, halt the destruction of the environment,
and improve their health.
1.名词 虐待；凌辱 Abuse of someone is cruel and violent
treatment of them.
investigation of alleged child abuse. 对涉嫌虐童案的调查
controversy over human rights abuses. 关于践踏人权的争
议
2. 名词辱骂;恶语 Abuse is extremely rude and insulting things
that people say when they are angry.
I was left shouting abuse as the car sped off..
汽车飞驰而去，留下我在那里大声咒骂。
For More
3. 名词滥用；妄用 Abuse of something is the use of it in a
wrong way or for a bad purpose.
What went on here was an abuse of power. 这里所发生的事
是一种滥用职权的行为。
...drug and alcohol abuse. 嗜毒和酗酒
4. 动词虐待;凌辱;伤害 If someone is abused, they are treated
cruelly and violently.
Janet had been abused by her father since she was eleven. 珍妮
特从11岁起就遭受父亲虐待。
For More
1. 名词破坏;毁灭;消灭 Destruction is the act of destroying
something, or the state of being destroyed.
...an international agreement aimed at halting the destruction of
the ozone layer. 一项旨在阻止臭氧层破坏的国际协议
...weapons of mass destruction. 大规模杀伤性武器
2. destroy 动词毁坏;破坏;毁灭;摧毁 To destroy something
means to cause so much damage to it that it is completely
ruined or does not exist any more.
That's a sure recipe for destroying the economy and creating
chaos... 那样做肯定会破坏经济、制造混乱。
No one was injured in the explosion, but the building was
completely destroyed... 没有人在爆炸中受伤，但大楼遭
到了彻底毁坏
1.veggie n. n. 素食者
Veggie means the same as vegetarian
Going veggie can be tasty, easy and healthy too. 吃素也可以吃
得很可口，烹饪也容易，并且有益健康。
2.蔬菜 Veggies are plants such as cabbages, potatoes, and
onions which you can cook and eat.
well-balanced meals of fresh fruit and veggies, chicken, fish,
pasta, and no red meat.
包含新鲜水果和蔬菜、鸡肉、鱼肉、意大利面，不含红色
肉类的搭配均衡的饮食
For More
vegan
1. 名词 严格的素食主义者;绝对素食者
2. 形容词 严格素食的;不吃肉的 Someone who is vegan never
eats meat or any animal products such as milk, butter, or
cheese.
The menu changes weekly and usually includes a vegan option...
菜单每周都有变化，通常包含可供严格的素食者选择的
菜肴。
I'd been vegan for a long time. 我坚持严格吃素已很久了。
For More
Asian cuisines offer a wide variety of choices for the hungry
vegan! Most Chinese restaurants will let you substitute tofu
in any of their entrées to create a vegan dish, and many
feature a large selection of mock meats （素肉）.
For More
Seafood restaurants commonly offer a pasta（通心粉） dish
topped with cream sauce and meat.
Ask your server to veganize （变成素菜）it by tossing your
pasta in garlic （大蒜）and olive oil （橄榄油）and adding
any veggies that the kitchen has on hand.
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Pizza joints across the country are dishing out delicious
vegan pizza by the slice. At places like Mellow Mushroom,
you can order any pizza topped with Daiya vegan cheese
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When dining at Italian restaurants, order gnocchi（团子）,
pasta（意面、通心粉） that is topped with a marinara sauce,
or other pasta dishes that can be veganized.
marinara sauce意大利烹饪用的含西红柿、大蒜、洋葱等调制
成的）海员式沙司
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Mexican restaurants typically offer vegan burritos（ 墨西哥玉
米煎饼）, salads, fajitas（墨西哥素菜卷）, and more! At
Moe‘s, you can order the Art Vandalay—a burrito loaded with
tofu, rice, beans, and toppings of your choice.
End
Para. 7b其中，反对虐待农场动物最有力的武器
之一是《素食者指南》。这本书旨在帮助人们选
择简单的日常食物，从而救助动物，阻止环境破
坏并且增强自身健康。