Transcript Chapter 16
CHAPTER 16 Scientific Revolution What developments contributed to the Scientific Revolution? Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and were then open to works of Galen, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato Renaissance artists’ close observation of nature established new standards for the study of natural phenomena Painters needed knowledge of geometry and anatomy Da Vinci declared mathematics integral to artists Proliferation of books spurred innovation Telescope, microscope (divinity is in all aspects of nature, magic, mysticism) inspired astrology and alchemy Group Project Seven groups (2-3) You and your partner (or partners) will select a committee from the list to give a brief report on Summarize how your topic played a part in Scientific Revolution and the emergence of modern science The report is to be two minutes and done with… Sock puppets! Topics Astronomy Newton Medicine Women Scientific Method Science & Religion Spread of Science Astronomy Presentation Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , Mechanics, Medicine Ptolemaic Conception: center Earth , earth at the is made of earth, air, fire, water and always changing Spheres that surround earth are crystalline, transparent, and move in circular orbits (Aristotle said circle=most perfect) 10 bodies in all, our universe was finite with God/Heaven beyond Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , Mechanics, Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) polish mathematician – not astronomer- used old models, own computations sun in center, planets revolve around sun, moon revolves around Earth Kept circular orbits Waited until deathbed to publish, scared and embarrassed Created uncertainty about human role in universe & God’s location Protestants reacted harshly based on literal translation of Bible Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , Mechanics, Medicine Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Compiled detailed records of observations and movements of stars and planets Rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system Unable to accept Copernicus Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Brahe’s assistant Three laws Orbits not circular but elliptical Greatest Mustache in Speed of planet is greater when it is closer to sun History (disproved Nominee Aristotle’s idea that motion is steady and fixed) Planets with larger orbits revolve slower Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , Mechanics, Medicine Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Mathematician used telescope to observe heavens (1610) Planets made of similar stuff to ours! Mountains and craters on moon, moons revolving around Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots Stunned Europeans more than Copernicus and Kepler Firm believer in heliocentric system Roman Inquisition ordered Galileo to condemn Copernicus Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , Mechanics, Medicine Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Written in Italian, making it more widely available, alarmed church Found guilty of teaching Copernicus, put under house arrest Aristotle held that an object remained at rest unless a force was applied against it and stopped when force stopped What power was moving the planets? Galileo discovered bodies stay in motion unless deflected by external forces Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: , , Medicine Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Invented calculus- mathematical means of calculating rates of change (1686) Mathematical proofs for law of gravitation Three laws of motion Apply to the universe- all can be explained through math Every object in motion stays in motion until deflected Rate of change of motion is proportional to force against it Every action has an equal and opposite reaction Gravity creates orbits Widely accepted in England, not so much elsewhere Isaac Newton Presentation Galileo vs. Newton Collins Type II Track the changes of the thought in astronomy from Ptolemy & Aristotle to Isaac Newton Medicine Presentation Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, Galen Paracelsus (1493-1541) Greek physician in 2nd Century CE influenced all others applied chemical remedies “like cures like” Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) blood comes from the heart (yes) two kinds of blood (no) William Harvey (1578-1657) Blood comes from heart all same blood in veins and arteries Blood makes complete circuit New opportunities for elite women emerged in Humanism Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) Aristocrat taught in Humanist schooling Participant in crucial scientific debates Excluded from membership in Royal Society Maria Merian (1647-1717) Entomologist trained in her father’s workshop Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) German astronomer, self and family taught Excluded from Royal Society Women Presentation Opportunities for women in science limited… by science arguments about women Women argued they were equal to men in ability 18th century Anatomy “proved” women were designed to bear children and excluded further from learning and science Modern science saw a male takeover of traditional roles for women like midwivery DBQ Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Limit yourself to 45 minutes! (that’s a study hall) -thesis -all -bias -link -evaluate Scientific Method Presentation All answers can be found in reason Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French lower nobility, Jesuit education, studied law (1637) I think, therefore I am Emphasis on the mind: only accept things that reason proved : duality between mind and matter, the mind is separate and therefore can study matter with reason : reason and experience are chief sources of knowledge All answers can be found in reason Francis Bacon (1561-1626) : experiment and induction : systematic observations and experiments used to arrive at general concepts Science & Religion Presentation Science and Religion Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) Could not accept separating the mind from matter or God from science God is not just the creator of the universe, he IS the universe Failure to understand God leads to many misconceptions Women were naturally inferior to women Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason and emotions- You can’t know everything, only God can God is a reasonable bet – if he exists, you win, if he doesn’t , you have nothing to lose Spread of Science Presentation