Transcript Chapter 16
CHAPTER 16
Scientific Revolution
What developments contributed to the
Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and were then
open to works of Galen, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato
Renaissance artists’ close observation of nature
established new standards for the study of natural
phenomena
Painters needed knowledge of geometry and anatomy
Da Vinci declared mathematics integral to artists
Proliferation of books spurred innovation
Telescope, microscope
(divinity is in all aspects of nature,
magic, mysticism) inspired astrology and alchemy
Group Project
Seven groups (2-3)
You and your partner (or partners) will select a
committee from the list to give a brief report on
Summarize how your topic played a part in
Scientific Revolution and the emergence of modern
science
The report is to be two minutes and done with…
Sock puppets!
Topics
Astronomy
Newton
Medicine
Women
Scientific Method
Science & Religion
Spread of Science
Astronomy
Presentation
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
, Mechanics, Medicine
Ptolemaic Conception:
center
Earth
, earth at the
is made of earth, air, fire, water and always
changing
Spheres that surround earth are crystalline, transparent,
and move in circular orbits (Aristotle said circle=most
perfect)
10 bodies in all, our universe was finite with
God/Heaven beyond
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
, Mechanics, Medicine
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) polish
mathematician – not astronomer- used old models, own
computations
sun in center, planets revolve
around sun, moon revolves around Earth
Kept circular orbits
Waited until deathbed to publish, scared and embarrassed
Created
uncertainty about human role in universe & God’s
location
Protestants reacted harshly based on literal translation of
Bible
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
, Mechanics, Medicine
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)
Compiled
detailed records of observations and movements
of stars and planets
Rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system
Unable to accept Copernicus
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Brahe’s
assistant
Three laws
Orbits
not circular but elliptical
Greatest Mustache in
Speed of planet is greater when it is closer to sun History
(disproved
Nominee
Aristotle’s idea that motion is steady and fixed)
Planets with larger orbits revolve slower
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
, Mechanics, Medicine
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Mathematician
used telescope to observe heavens
(1610)
Planets
made of similar stuff to ours! Mountains and craters on
moon, moons revolving around Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots
Stunned Europeans more than Copernicus and Kepler
Firm believer in heliocentric system
Roman
Inquisition ordered Galileo to condemn Copernicus
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
, Mechanics, Medicine
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Written in Italian, making it more widely available, alarmed church
Found guilty of teaching Copernicus, put under house arrest
Aristotle held that an object
remained at rest unless a force was applied against it
and stopped when force stopped
What power was moving the planets?
Galileo discovered
bodies stay in motion unless
deflected by external forces
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
,
, Medicine
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Invented calculus- mathematical means of calculating rates
of change
(1686)
Mathematical proofs for law of gravitation
Three laws of motion
Apply to the universe- all can be explained through math
Every object in motion stays in motion until deflected
Rate of change of motion is proportional to force against it
Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Gravity creates orbits
Widely accepted in England, not so much elsewhere
Isaac Newton
Presentation
Galileo vs. Newton
Collins Type II
Track the changes of the thought in astronomy from
Ptolemy & Aristotle to Isaac Newton
Medicine
Presentation
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution:
Astronomy, Mechanics,
Galen
Paracelsus (1493-1541)
Greek physician in 2nd Century CE influenced all others
applied chemical remedies “like cures like”
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
blood comes from the heart (yes) two kinds of blood (no)
William Harvey (1578-1657)
Blood comes from heart
all same blood in veins and arteries
Blood makes complete circuit
New opportunities for elite women
emerged in Humanism
Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)
Aristocrat
taught in Humanist schooling
Participant in crucial scientific debates
Excluded from membership in Royal Society
Maria Merian (1647-1717)
Entomologist
trained in her father’s workshop
Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)
German
astronomer, self and family taught
Excluded from Royal Society
Women
Presentation
Opportunities for women in science
limited… by science
arguments about women
Women
argued they were equal to men in ability
18th century Anatomy “proved” women were designed
to bear children and excluded further from learning
and science
Modern science saw a male takeover of traditional
roles for women like midwivery
DBQ
Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward
the participation of women in the sciences during
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Limit yourself to 45 minutes! (that’s a study hall)
-thesis
-all
-bias
-link
-evaluate
Scientific Method
Presentation
All answers can be found in reason
Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
French
lower nobility, Jesuit education, studied
law
(1637)
I
think, therefore I am
Emphasis on the mind: only accept things that reason
proved
: duality between mind and
matter, the mind is separate and therefore can study
matter with reason
: reason and experience are chief
sources of knowledge
All answers can be found in reason
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
: experiment and induction
: systematic observations and
experiments used to arrive at general concepts
Science & Religion
Presentation
Science and Religion
Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)
Could not accept separating the mind from matter or God from
science
God is not just the creator of the universe, he IS the universe
Failure to understand God leads to many misconceptions
Women were naturally inferior to women
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason
and emotions- You can’t know everything, only God can
God is a reasonable bet – if he exists, you win, if he doesn’t , you have
nothing to lose
Spread of Science
Presentation