Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Environmental Conflicts

The environmental justice of wind
energy siting in Catalonia:
reproducing
one-dimensional thinking?
Pere Ariza-Montobbio,
Katharine Nora Farrell
Summer School on Political Ecology,
Environmental Justice and Conflicts
III. CASE STUDIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS
8. Environmental conflicts in Spain
10th July, ICTA-UAB
Slide 2 of 42
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The wind energy conflict
Theoretical approach
Research questions
Catalonia’s case study
Methods
The Is vs. Ought framework: actors & discourse
coalitions
7. The Is vs. Ought in the planning process
8. Conclusions
Slide 3 of 42
The wind energy conflict (I)
• Green energy as an ideal of political qualitative change
• Consensus on renewable energy promotion?
▫ ABSTRACT CONCEPTUAL CONSENSUS vs. CONCRETE
CONFLICT in SITING
▫ Nobody presents her/himself as “anti-wind”
▫ Clash between environmentalisms
• One of the most important motivations of the conflict are Landscape
concerns! (Wolsink 2007)
• Literature has identified key common features of wind energy
opposition: immobility, immutability, solidarity, impositions, place
identity (Pasqualetti 2011)
• Public attitudes research has shown changes of perception along
the policy process (Gipe 1995) and challenged NIMBY concept
(Wolsink 2006, Owens 2004, Devine-Wright 2005)
Slide 4 of 42
The wind energy conflict (II)
• So… wind energy siting is a “Wicked Problem” (Rittel and Weber
1973)
▫ Persistent, complex, and difficult or perhaps even impossible to solve.
• Some research has applied Multi-Criteria (Gamboa and Munda
2007)
• Some authors have pointed towards focusing on environmental
(in) equality (Van der Host and Toke 2010) and to frame the
analysis under Political Ecology (Zografos 2009)
HOWEVER…
… there is the need of in-depth qualitative case studies to analyse if
what lies behind opposition is related with the structure and
evolution of the decision making process
(Procedural Environmental Justice (Schlossberg 2007))
Slide 5 of 42
Overall Framework for the Research
Ecological economics
Weak comparability of values
Discourse Coalitions
Hajer (1995)
Societal and
Ecological
Metabolism
Recognition
the movement
and
distribution
Procedural
Distribution
of energy
and materials
Capabilities
Over-arching Research Question:
What lies behind (un)fair distribution?
Environmental Justice
Schlosberg (2007)
A radical view of power
(Lukes 1974)
Communicative
Democracy
Difference democracy
Young (2000)
The post-political
Zeitgeist
(Mouffe, 2005)
Slide 6 of 42
One dimensional thinking
(Herbert Marcuse, 1964, 1968, 1969)
• Technology as Ideology
▫ In these societies, the greatest challenge is no longer to meet the
basic material needs of humans (securing food and shelter, a
safe place to raise young, etc.) but to achieve intellectual
freedom from the one-dimensional thinking of
technological rationality, which, in liberating humans from the
oppressions of ‘‘nature,’’ now claims authority over both nature
and humans: this is a world in which technology is both a
force of material domination and an ideology. (Farrell,
2008: 76)
• From self/other to self as other (Farrell, 2011)
Slide 7 of 42
One dimensional thinking
(Herbert Marcuse, 1964, 1968, 1969)
• Logic of Technology (all about Is / never about
Ought) as new Reality Principle
▫ Rational is associated with the production of facts, the success of science and the
conquest of nature. It is implicitly treated as good and desirable. Irrational,
defined only through negation, is the absence of rationality and is associated with
subjugation to the forces of nature. It is implicitly treated as ‘‘other’’ from good
and not desirable. (Farrell,2008:77)
• Rational vs Irrational / Is vs Ought now becomes
the language of evaluation and judgement
▫ Facts and figures are the heroes in man’s struggle with nature. In their purest
form, they become the greatest good and the ultimate measure of value in late
industrial societies. Their rise is accompanied by the banishment of non-factual
values, which are associated with superstition, irrationality and subjugation to
nature. (Farrell, 2008: 78)
▫ Erasing the possibility of critical dialectical thought by subsuming the
question of “what should be (Ought)” under the question of “what Is”
Slide 8 of 42
Catalonia’s Case Study
• Although being among the most industrialized regions of
Spain and the first consumer of electricity (20%) and
being pioneer in wind energy ranks the eight in wind
installed capacity (851,41 MW, 31 wind farms 4% of
Spain)
• Powerful nuclear-fossil energetic lobby inscribing its
power in the policy process
• High density of population, high diversity of natural
protected areas, wind in hilly mountains, smaller in area
as compared to other regions.
• The regional planning for wind energy is now under a
temporary restraining court order, after an
environmental NGO has imputed it.
Slide 9 of 42
Wind installed
Capacity %
Albacete
Lugo
Zaragoza
Burgos
10,4
7,1
6,8
6,5
Cádiz
6,4
La Coruña 5,6
Soria
5,2
Navarra
5,0
Tarragona
Source:
Fundación Cajamar.
Energía eólica:
evolución y
perspectivas. Julio
2010
Slide 10 of 42
Wind installed
Capacity
Albacete
Lugo
Zaragoza
Burgos
133,3
138,0
75, 1
87,5
Cádiz
La Coruña
Soria
Navarra
165,5
133,9
97,1
92,6
MW/Km2
Tarragona
Source:
Fundación Cajamar.
Energía eólica:
evolución y
perspectivas. Julio
2010
Slide 11 of 42
Source: Aymamí, 2004:
Estudi del potencial eòlic
de Catalunya, METEOSIM
Slide 12 of 42
Installed
capacity
Electricity
consumption
Source: Saladié, 2008
Source: own elaboration from various GIS based layers, provided by Lluís Salinas
Slide 13 of 42
Research questions
• What factors have influenced the policy and
decision-making process driving the unequal
distribution of wind farms siting and the
current stagnation of the policy?
• To what extent is this outcome related to the
structure and evolution of the decision making
process?
• Which are the key characteristics of the
decision-making framework which make
difficult a successful (both content and
procedural) wind farm implementation?
Slide 14 of 42
Methods (design, collection & analysis)
• Case study design (Yin, 2003)
• Interviews:
▫ 58 to different actors including environmentalists,
local opposing groups, mayors, promoters,
parliamentaries and civil servants.
▫ Questioners: narrative about the conflict. Main
factors that have driven the policy to its actual and
current circumstance.
• Discourse Analysis (Hajer 1995)
▫ Identifying core content of key discourses
▫ Identifying discourse coalitions
Slide 15 of 42
Actors
ICAEN Civil
Servants
Big Wind
Industry
Local
landowners
Building a
sustainable industry
Stopping climate change
Pro-wind
environmentalist
coalition
Big wind
enterpreneurs
Small wind
enterpreneurs
Eoliccat (Wind
Industry Lobby)
Local
politicians of
GCTFNN, Tanquem les
nuclears, Ecologistes en Acció,
Greenpeace
Renewable energy
cooperatives
wind farms hosting
regions
Parliamentaries of
political parties involved in
“planning rational siting”
Local council
civil servants
Environmental Dept.
Civil Servants
Flora and Fauna
Dept. Civil Servants
Local Platforms
Territorial
Planning
Landscape
Dept.Civil
Servants
Plataforma Priorat
Birds EIA
Consultants
PDTA
Envrionmentalist
conservationist-territorially
focused NGOs
GEPEC,
IPCENA, IAEDEN, ARA
PCAPIC
Protecting
de les serres de Feixes i Orpinell
The
Plataforma Salvem el Tallat
Landscape
Plataforma en defensa
Plataforma Salvem Senan
Protecting biodiversity
Slide 16 of 42
Ises and Oughts
(Herbert Marcuse, 1964, 1968, 1969)
• Is/Fact/Technical/Correct (vs
Ought/Value/Political/Desire) now becomes
the language of evaluation and judgement
• Observing Technology as Ideology in action
▫ Rational is associated with the production of
facts, the success of science and the conquest of
nature. It is implicitly treated as good and
desirable (Farrell,2008:77).
▫ Facts and figures are the heroes in man’s
struggle with nature. In their purest form, they
become the greatest good and the ultimate
measure of value in late industrial societies.
(Farrell, 2008: 78)
Slide 17 of 42
The Is vs. Ought : discourse coalitions
Building a sustainable industry
Stopping climate change
Ought:
green wind development
Ought:
stop CC with windpower
Is:
where to put …
Is:
where to put …
Protecting biodiversity
Protecting landscape
Ought:
protect biodiversity
Ought:
protect Català landscape
Is:
biological needs of species
Is:
density and distribution …
These configurations of dicourse coalitions was similarly found by
previous research (Jessup 2010, Marsden 2008, Stevenson 2009, Szarka 2007,2004)
Slide 18 of 42
The Is vs. Ought analytical framework
Justification
Discourse
Is
Ought
Means
Ends
Technical
discussion
Inhumane
functionalism
Democracy
and political
negotiation
Final cause &
purpose
Human
condition
Slide 19 of 42
The Is vs. Ought in the planning process:
interpretative chronologies
Phase of planning-siting
Characteristics
1. Wind mills as new wizard Projects increasingly coming up.
players : pure IS!
Few newly installed
(1984-1999)
No environmental-landscape restriction
Siting according wind resource- bilateral
agreements with local council
2. Political fight around
“Oughts” (2000-2003)
Terres de l’Ebre mobilizations
Local platforms constitution
First map of environmental restrictions rejectionrenegotiation-final version
3. Battle between “Ises”
(2003-2010)
The battle moves around “rational siting”:
reconciling Oughts and Ises
The Oughts are well-dressed as Ises: biodiversity,
wind mills and landscape criteria
Priority Development Zones (ZDP)
4. Reasserting “Oughts”?
(2011-2012)
Temporary restraining court order for the ZDP
Court sentences resulting from the Phase 2
Feed-in Tariff removal
Slide 20 of 42
Phase(I): Wind mills as new wizard players
: pure IS! (1984-1999)
• 1984 First Spanish Wind mill connected in
Vilopriu, Empordà, Catalonia. First Spanish
Wind farm in Garriguella. Ecotecnia as pioneers.
• Beginning of 90s first projects participated by
the government
• Mid 90s a huge amount of projects (60-80)
located in the top of the mountains, in protected
areas and in the Batle of the Ebro sites. Feeded
by the 54/1997 liberalization electricity act.
Slide 21 of 42
Source: Aymamí, 2004:
Estudi del potencial eòlic
de Catalunya, METEOSIM
Slide 22 of 42
Phase(I):
Wind mills as new
wizard players : pure IS!
(1984-1999)
Slide 23 of 42
Phase(II): Political fight around “Oughts”
(2000-2003)
• Alarm and huge opposition : Local platforms are
created in 1999
• Controversial first version “environmental
implementation of wind energy map”: refused
(2000)
• Confluence with Uneven development conflicts:
▫ PHN Ebro + ENRON+ Wind siting maps
• Alternative map presented by a conservation
NGO
• Second version of “the map” approved (2002).
Red-yellow-white zoning.
Slide 24 of 42
Phase(II): Political fight
around “Oughts” (2000-2003)
The environmental and
territorial restrictions
siting of wind farms map
of 2002
Conpatible
Inconpatible
EIA conditioned
Slide 25 of 42
Phase(III): Battle between “Ises” (20032010)
• First left government elected (2003)
• 2005 Annaouncement of a Moratoria
• Repowering policy: ordering the previous
speculation
• Natura 2000 Network implementation (20042006)
• 2009: New decree with Priority Development
Zones (ZDP)
• 201o: Zones Approved
Phase(III): Battle
Slide 26 of 42
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
The previous “acquired
rights” of wind farms
projects clash with “the
environmental map”
Phase(III): Battle
Slide 27 of 32
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
The previous “acquired
rights” of wind farms
projects clash with “the
environmental map”
Wind farm siting 2007
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
Inconpatible
EIA conditioned
Phase(III): Battle
Slide 28 of 42
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
The previous “acquired
rights” of wind farms
projects clash with “the
environmental map”
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
Inconpatible
EIA conditioned
Siting
wind farms
2007
Phase(III): Battle
Slide 29 of 42
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
The previous “acquired
rights” of wind farms
projects clash with “the
environmental map”
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
Inconpatible
EIA conditioned
Siting
wind farms
2007
Slide 30 of 42
Phase(III):
Battle between “Ises”
(2003-2010)
The Natura 2000
Network process
(2004-2006)
Clash
with wind projects
Wind farms in 2007
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
1st Version Natura2000
2nd Version Natura2000
Slide 31 of 42
Phase(III):
Battle between “Ises”
(2003-2010)
The Natura 2000
Network process
(2004-2006)
Clash
with wind projects
Wind farms in 2007
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
1st Version Natura2000
2nd Version Natura2000
Slide 32 of 42
Phase(III):
Battle between “Ises”
(2003-2010)
The Natura 2000
Network process
(2004-2006)
Clash
with wind projects
Wind farms in 2007
Public audience
Administrative permit
Under construction
In operation
1st Version Natura2000
2nd Version Natura2000
Slide 33 of 42
Phase(III): Battle
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
The Priority Development
Zones approved in 2010
and the public auction
Slide 34 of 42
Phase(III): Battle
ZDP I: 180 MW Alt Empordà (Girona)
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
I
The Priority Development
Zones approved in 2010
and the public auction
VIII
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Phase(III): Battle
between “Ises” (2003-2010)
II
III
VI
IV
VII
V
The Priority Development
Zones approved in 2010
and the public auction
ZDP I. Alt Empordà (180 MW)
ZDP II. Segarra i Conca de Barberà (186 MW)
ZDP III. Alt Penedès i Alt Camp (33 MW)
ZDP IV. Priorat i Baix Camp
ZDP V. Ribera d’Ebre i Baix Camp (120 MW)
ZDP VI. Segrià i Ribera d’Ebre (60 MW)
ZDP VII. Terra Alta (90 MW)
ZDP VIII. Anoia i Segarra (100 MW)
Slide 36 of 42
Phase(IV): Current situation:
reasserting “Oughts”?(2011-2012)
• 2010: Recourse to the ZDP from two
organisations to the court
• 2011: temporary restraining court order for the
ZDP
• 2011: Court Sentences as result of the Phase II
▫ Environmental grounds: Coll de la Garganta
▫ Urban planning grounds: Serra del Tallat
• 2012: Removing feed-in tariff from the new
elected government in Spain
Slide 37 of 42
Conclusions
• The evolution of discourse coalitions and the
planning show a process where initial Oughts
are progressively being converted into Ises or
disappearing from the discourse
• Political discussion about “Oughts” is eliminated
along the process. Where Oughts can be made to
appear as technical discussion about Ises, they
seem to be able to survive – climate change;
biodiversity…
• And, the first Ought set an agenda focused on
the technical problem of how to achieve green
energy; perhaps this also favoured IS positions...
Slide 38 of 42
References (I)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Devine-Wright, P., 2005a. Beyond NIMBYism: towards an integrated framework for
understanding public perceptions of wind energy. Wind Energy, 8 (2), 155.
Farrell, Katharine N.(2008) The Politics of Science and Sustainable Development: Marcuse's New
Science in the 21st Century, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 19: 4, 68 — 83
Farrell, Katharine N.(2011) Snow White and the Wicked Problems of the West: A Look at the Lines
between Empirical Description and Normative Prescription, Science, Technology,, & Human Values,
36(3) 334-361
Farrell, Katharine N.(2011) The politics of Science: Has Marcuse’s new science finally come of age? In
Birow, A. (ed.)(2011) Critical Ecologies. The Frankfurt School and Contemporary Environmental Crises,
University of Toronto Press. Inc.
Gamboa, G. and Munda, G. (2007) The problem of windfarm location: A social multi-criteria evaluation
framework, Energy Policy , 35 : 1564–1583
Gipe P. Wind Energy Comes of Age; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1995.
Hajer,M., 1995. The politics of environmental discourse: ecological modernization and the
policy process. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jessup, Brad (2010): Plural and hybrid environmental values: a discourse analysis of the wind energy
conflict in Australia and the United Kingdom, Environmental Politics, 19:1, 21-44
Marcuse, H (1964), One-dimensional man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society, 2nd.
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Marcuse, H (1969), An essay on liberation. London: Penguin, 1969.
Slide 39 of 42
References (II)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Owens, Susan(2004) 'Siting, sustainable development and social priorities', Journal of Risk
Research, 7: 2, 101 — 114
Pasqualetti, Martin J.(2011) 'Opposing Wind Energy Landscapes: A Search for Common Cause',
Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 101: 4, 907 — 917
Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning.
Policy Sciences 4:155-69.
Zografos, C. and Martinez-Alier, J. (2009) The politics of landscape value: a case study of wind
farm conflict in rural Catalonia, Environment and Planning A, volume 41, pages 1726 -1744
Wolsink, M., 2007. Planning of renewables schemes: deliberative and fair decisionmaking on
landscape issues instead of reproachful accusations of non-cooperation. Energy Policy, 35 (5),
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Wolsink, M., 2006. Invalid theory impedes our understanding: a critique on the
persistence of the language of NIMBY. Transactions of the Institute of British
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Yin R, 2003 Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA)
Thanks for your attention!
Comments are welcomed!
[email protected]
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