Transcript Human Communication

Human Communication:
The Basic Course
Twelfth Edition
PowerPoint™
Presentations
prepared by:
Naomi Young
University of California,
San Diego
Joseph A. DeVito
Hunter College of the City University of New York
Chapter Six:
Nonverbal Messages
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter Goals
Learn About:

The functions nonverbal communication serves and how
nonverbal communication interacts with your verbal
messages

The channels of nonverbal communication

The role of culture and gender in nonverbal
communication
Learn To:

Communicate more effectively with nonverbal messages

Respond appropriately to the nonverbal messages of
others

Communicate with an awareness of cultural and gender
influences and differences in nonverbal communication

Encode and decode nonverbal messages more effectively
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
The Functions of Nonverbal
Communication
 Integrating
with verbal messages
 Forming and managing messages
 Defining relationships
 Structuring Conversation
 Influencing and Deceiving
 Expressing Emotions
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Integrating with Verbal
Messages
1. Accent or
emphasize
2. Complement or
add nuances
3. Contradicting
4. Regulating
5. Repeating
6. Substituting
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication

Manage self-impression

Define relationships

Structure interactions

To influence

To communicate emotion
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication cont…
Integrating with Verbal
Forming and Managing
Impressions
Messages

Accent

To be liked

Compliment

To be believed

Contradict

To excuse failure

Regulate

To secure help

Repeat

To hide faults

Substitute

To be followed

To confirm self-image
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Functions of Nonverbal
Communication cont…


Defining Relationships
Structuring Conversation
Giving and receiving cues

Influencing and Deceiving
Influencing others through verbal and
nonverbal signals

Expressing Emotions
Revealing happiness, sadness, or confusion
through facial expressions
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Channels of Nonverbal
Communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Body
Face
Eye
Space
Artifactual
Touch
Paralanguage
Silence
Time
Smell
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Body Communication
Body Movements
(kinesics)
5 Major Types
Emblems
 Illustrators
 Affect Displays
 Regulators
 Adaptors
Body Appearance

Height

Skin

– Color
– Tone

General
Attractiveness
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Facial Communication
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Facial Management

Intensify

Deintensify

Neutralize

Mask

Simulate
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Encoding Accuracy Decoding Accuracy
Women better than men
encoding/decoding
 Some emotions easier to encode and
decode than others
ex. ‘happiness’, ‘surprise’

Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Eye Communication
Functions of Eye
Functions of Eye
Contact
Avoidance
Help others maintain

Seeking feedback

To open communication

Signaling nature of

Signal lack of interest
relationship

Block unpleasant stimuli
Visual

Enhance other senses
Dominance/Signaling

Civil inattention


privacy
Power

Lessening physical
distance
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Space Communication
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Territoriality-Three Types
 Primary
territories
 Secondary
territories
 Public
territories
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Territorial Markers

Central markers - items you place in a
territory to reserve it

Boundary marker - divides territory

Earmarkers - indicates ownership of a
territory or object
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Artifactual
Communication

Color Communication

Clothing and body
adornment

Space decoration
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Touch Communication

Meanings
 Positive feelings
 Intention to play
 Control behavior
 Ritualistic
 Task-Related

Touch
avoidance
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Paralanguage:
The Vocal Channel
Paralanguage
 Qualities
–
–
–


Pitch
Rate
Volume
Judgments about
people
Judgments about
communication
effectiveness
Silence

Time to think

Weapon to hurt

To lessen anxiety

Prevent
communication

Communicate
emotional response
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Time Communication

Temporal communication/chronemics

Psychological time orientation - emphasis on
past, present, or future

Time orientation you develop depends largely on
your socioeconomic class and your personal
experiences

Cultural time
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Smell Communication

Attraction messages

Taste messages

Memory messages

Identification messages
Copyright
Copyright
©2012,
©2012,
2009,
2009,
2006
2006Pearson
Pearson Education,
Education, Inc.
Inc.AllAll
rights
rights
reserved.
reserved.
Culture and Nonverbal
Communication

Culture and Gesture

Culture and Facial

Expression Culture and Eye Communication
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Nonverbal
Communication



Culture and Colors
– Colors vary greatly in their meanings from
one culture to another
Culture and Touch
– touch functions are not served in the same
way in all cultures
Culture, Paralanguage, and Silence
– Collectivistic and individualistic
– all cultures do not view silence as functioning
in the same way
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Time

People in different cultures view time differently

The Social Clock
–
Unspoken timetable that tells if you’re keeping pace
with your peers, are ahead of them, or are falling
behind

Formal Time
–
Seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months,
years

Informal Time
–
“Forever,” “immediately,” “soon,” “right away,”
or “as soon as possible
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Culture and Time cont…

Monochronic Time Orientation
– Cultures who schedule one thing at a time
– Time is compartmentalized
– United States, Germany, Scandinavia

Polychronic Time Orientation
– Cultures who schedule more than one thing at
the same time
– Latin Americans, Mediterranean people, and
Arabs
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Knowledge to
Action
Give some examples in
nonverbal
communication where
offensive language can
be replaced with
confirming language.
Copyright ©2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.