Transcript Story Literary Elements

Story Literary Elements
Unit Vocabulary
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Genres: fiction, non-fiction, drama, poetry
Stages of plot
Conflict
Flashback
Foreshadowing
Narrator
Point of View
Inferences
Characteristics
Setting
Theme
Mood
Tone
Genres
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What is fiction?
Made up events and characters
What is Non-fiction?
Tells about real people, events, and places
What is poetry?
Literature in which words are chosen and arranged
in a precise way to create certain sounds and
meanings
 What is Drama?
 Characters and conflicts are developed through
dialogue and actions
Understanding Literature Narratives
Fiction genres In class weuse
Fairy tale
 Novel
•Fiction Play (comedy,
Realistic
 Short story
tragedy)
Fantasy
 Science fiction
 Mystery
Traditional
 Fable
•Non-fiction
 Historical fiction
Biography
 Myth
 Adventure story
Informational
 Legend
•Poetry Fantasy
 Folk tale
Nonfiction
Comprehension of nonfiction
 Identify the author’s point of view or
perspective
 Identify the main idea, primary hypothesis,
or primary purpose (e.g., to persuade, to
inform, to analyze, or to evaluate)
 Evaluate the clarity of the information
 Make valid inferences or conclusions based
on the selection
Nonfiction
 Identify, where appropriate, an author’s
appeal to reason, appeal to emotion, or
appeal to authority
 Evaluate the relationship between stated
generalizations and actual evidence given
 Evaluate organization of a selection
 For informational texts, evaluate the
effectiveness of their organizational and
graphic aids
Nonfiction genres
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Trade Book
Biography
Autobiography
Essay
News article
Editorial
 Professional journal
articles
 Book review
 Political speech
 Technical manual
 Primary source
material
– Lewis and Clark
Poetry
Construction of meaning in poetry
 Main idea or theme
 Symbolism
 Tone, emotion
Poetry
Poetic elements
 Verse, stanza
 Meter
 Line length
 Punctuation
Poetry
Rhyme and Sound Patterns
Rhyme scheme
Onomatopoeia - words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds
associated with the objects or actions they refer to
Repetition of words
Alliteration - same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words
Assonance - repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
Poetry
Imagery and figures of speech
 Personification - Flowers danced about the lawn
 Metaphor - All the world's a stage
 Simile - How like the winter hath my absence been
or So are you to my thoughts as food to life
 Hyperbole - I could sleep for a year or This book
weighs a ton.
Poetry
Poetic types and forms
 Lyrical
 Concrete
 Free verse
 Narrative
 Couplet
 Elegy
 Sonnet
 Limerick
 Haiku
This is the BEST review site: English Poetry
http://www.leavingcert.net/skoool/junior.asp?id=1477
Resource and research material
Reference works
 Dictionary
 Encyclopedia
 Thesaurus
 Atlas
 Almanac
Fiction
What is a PLOT?
 A sequence of events that is fueled by a
conflict within a literary text.
 1. Exposition
 2. Rising Action
 3. Climax
 4. Falling Action
 5. Resolution
The First Stage of Plot Development
 Exposition
 What are the 3 literature elements in an
exposition?
 1. Character
 2. Setting
 3. Conflict
Stories are run by the conflict.
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Himself
External vs. Internal Conflict
 External conflicts are:
Man vs. Man
Man vs. Nature
Man vs. Society
Man vs. Technology
Man vs. Fate
 Internal conflict is:
Man vs. Himself
What are these 2 types of conflicts?
 External
 Internal
What is the next stage of the plot?
 Rising Action
 What is the rising action?
 Where the characters go through obstacles
that make the conflict more complicated.
 “The plot thickens”
What is the next stage of the plot?
 The Climax
 Which is the….
 Turning point of the story.
The climax is the most exciting
part!! “Most intense or dramatic”
Falling after the climax…
 Falling action
 Which …
 Reveals the outcome of the story’s climax
Finally the conflict within a plot
takes us to the…
 Resolution
 Which is where…
 The story’s final outcome and any loose
ends are tied up.
Question
 Does every story follow through a plot
diagram from the exposition to the
resolution?
 No, some stories keep us hanging and don’t
complete to the resolution.
 Name a story like this…
Question
 When a story goes through the sequence
of events what is it called when a
character remembers something from
their past?
 Flashback
Question
 When a story offers information that
gives hints and clues that has the reader
thinking something is going to happen in
the future of the story, what is this
called?
foreshadowing
For example, if you hear this:
Then you know someone’s about to get eaten!
Who brings a Character to life?
The Narrator or the Point of View the text is
written in.
Cornell Notes
page 162
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Narrator:
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the person who is telling the
story
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First person:
1.
The narrator is a character in a
work of literature.
Is a main or minor character
Uses the pronouns I and me to
refer to himself or herself
Shares his or her thoughts,
feelings, and opinions of the
characters and events
Doesn’t know the thoughts,
feelings, and opinions of other
characters
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Third-person
limited
1. Is not a character in
the story but an
outside observer
2. Zooms in on the
thoughts, feelings
and opinions of one
character
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Third-person
omniscient:
1. Is not a character in
the story but an
outside observer.
2. Is “All Knowing”
that is he or she has
access to the
thoughts, feelings,
and opinions of all
the characters.
Steps to determining the point of
view
 Step 1:
 I ,me, and ,my ,the
 Notice the
story is told by a
first –person
narrator .
 he, she, him, and
her, the story is told
by a third-person
narrator
pronouns the
narrator uses.
Step 2: Identify the
narrator and the point of
view
 Ask: Who is telling the
story?
 FIRST PERSON: The
narrator participates in the
action of the story and
uses pronouns, such as I,
we, and us
 THIRD PERSON: The
narrator is an outside
observer and uses
pronouns, such as he an
she.
For the third person:
Step 3:
Identify third-person
omniscient or thirdperson limited.
Omniscient:
The narrator knows
the thoughts and
feelings of all the
characters in the story.
Limited: The
narrator know the
thoughts and feelings
only of one character
in the story.
Practice: Think Pair Share
 1.
 A. Her son in kindergarten told her about a
mischievous classmate named Charles.
 B. My son in kindergarten told me about a
mischievous classmate named Charles.
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 A. When we adopted the little boy, we never
dreamed we would be such a wonderful gift.
 B. When Bill and Angela adopted the little boy,
they never dreamed they would find him to be
such a wonderful gift.
 1. The brilliant detective Sherlock Homes and his humble
friend, Dr. Watson, have solved many baffling mysteries
together. One of their strangest cases began early one
morning when a terrified young woman came to visit them.
She said that her sister had been killed in her own locked
room.
 A. First Person B. Third-person
 2. When I inspected the room carefully, I suspected how
the murder had been committed. Even though the door
was locked and the windows were barred, I saw that
something small and deadly could have crawled in through
ventilator hole in the wall. Without sharing my ideas with
Watson, I announced that we would spend the night in the
room.
 A. First Person B. Third-person
“Red Riding Hood”
Version 1
 I skipped up to the door of my grandmother’s
house in the clearing singing out, “Are you there,
Grandma?” Then I heard a strange, gruff voice
bark out, “Yes, my child,” “That can’t be
Grandma’s voice,” I thought. Cautiously, I asked,
“Why don’t you open the door, Grandma?” The
voice replied, :I'm sick in bed with a cold. Just lift
the latch and walk in.” For a moment, I thought
about running home through the woods. Then I
thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” I lfted
the latch and the door creaked open.
Version2
 Little Red Riding Hood skipped up to the door of her
grandmother’s house in the clearing signing out, “Are you
there, Grandma?” Inside, the wolf licked his lips, thinking
how clever he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. Red
Riding Hood, startled, thought, “That can’t be Grandma’s
voice” She hesitated, then she asked, “Why don’t you open
the door, Grandma?" Hiding his impatience, the wolf
moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the latch
and walk inn.” For a moment, Red Riding Hood thought
about the running home through the woods. Then she
thought, “Maybe Grandma is really sick.” She lifted the
latch and the door creaked open.
Version 3
 The wolf heard Little Red Riding Hood sing out, “Are you
there, Grandma?” He licked his lips, thinking how clever
he was. “Yes, my child,” he replied. There was a silence
outside the door, then Red Riding Hood asked, “Why don’t
you open the door, Grandma?” Hiding his impatience, the
wolf moaned, “I’m sick in bed with a cold. Just lift the
latch and walk in.” Again there was a long pause. The
wolf waited, wondering whether he should spring out of
bed, throw open the door, and grab Red Riding Hood
before she could run away. Then he saw the latch slowly
lift and the door creak open. The wolf was so pleased with
the success of his plan that he could barely conceal a
toothy grin.
 Minor Characters
 Less than important
 Character Traits
character
 Qualities of a
character such as
personality
CHARACTERIZATION
The methods an author uses to
reveal a character’s personality.
There are two types of
characterization.
Types of Characterization
 Direct
 Indirect
Characterization
The author or narrator
makes direct
statements about a
character’s traits
Characterization
The author or speaker
reveals a character’s
personality through
the character’s own
words, thoughts, and
actions and through
the words, thoughts,
and actions of other
characters.
Every story needs characters
People
Animals
Or Creatures
PROTAGONIST VS.
ANTAGONIST
 Protagonist- The central character in a
literary work around whom the main
conflict revolves. The protagonist is often
the person with whom the audience
members or readers sympathize or identify.
 Antagonist – A person or force in society or
nature that causes a problem for the
protagonist, or central character.
The protagonist is the “good guy”
the MAIN character
The antagonist is the “bad guy”
or force
Identify Character Traits
 From:
 1. Direct Comments about the character’s
personality by the narrator.
 2. Physical Description of a character’s
appearance.
 3. Speech, Actions, or Thoughts of a character.
 4. How other characters React to the character
Types of Characters
 Round character – a character the reader gets to
know very well; will show varied and sometimes
contradictory traits
 Flat character – reveals only one personality trait
to the reader
 Stereotype – a character who is not developed as
an individual, but as a collection of traits and
mannerisms shared by a group.
Question on Traits
 Despite her athletic build, sleek clothing,
and racing bike, Kat never looked smooth
or polished. She had dirt under her nails
from fixing her bike, and always chewed a
stray hair. She tended to stand knock-kneed
if she ever stood in one place at all.
Answer
 Trait: awkward, fidgety, hardworking,
introverted, quiet
 How do we know: Through the narrator’s
description of the character’s physical
description.
Question
 A natural athlete, Julie had been training for
the bicycle race for months, for she was
single-minded and determined beyond her
fifteen years.
Answer
 Trait: determined, single-minded, serious
 How do we know: Direct comments about
the character’s personality by the narrator.
Question
 She felt she had to prove that she was faster
than anyone else. But she worried too. “If I
let up for even one day,” she thought,
“someone stronger and faster will beat me”.
Answer
 Trait: competitive, insecure
 How do we know? Speech, actions, or
thoughts of a character.
Question
 Lora pulled up beside Esperanza, breathless
from riding, but not a hair out of place.
“I’m racing next month at fairhaven.”
Esperanza didn’t reply, so Lora plunged
ahead. “I guess you’re a racer too. Maybe
we could, train together”? “Uh maybe, “
Esperanza mumbled. She hopped back on
her bike. Lora watched her ride away,
feeling a little stupid.
Answer
 Trait: Esperanza-awkward, abrupt, loner
 Lora-friendly sensitive
 How do we know?
 How other character’s react.
SETTING
 The time and place in which the events of a
story, novel, or play occur. The setting
often helps to create an atmosphere or
mood. Setting is not just physical! It
includes ideas, customs, values, and beliefs
of a particular time and place.
Theme
 The main idea or message of a literary
work.
 Theme is not the subject of the work, but
instead is an insight about life or human
nature.
 There are two types of theme.
Types of Theme
 Stated Theme- Theme that is expressed
directly and explicitly. Very clear to the
reader.
 Implied Theme – Revealed gradually
through such other literary elements as plot,
character, setting, point of view, imagery,
figures of speech, or symbolism.
A Theme is a universal message or truth
about life
You can’t always get
what you want
Sometimes implied
 Through metaphor
 Through simile
 Through personification
 Through imagery
 Through tone of voice
 Through symbols
Implied through simile
Dream Deferred
What happens to a dream
deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun?
Or fester like a sore—
and then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over—
like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load
Or does it just explode?
- Langston
Hughes
Implied through personification
Sleeping in the Forest
by Mary Oliver
I thought the earth
remembered me,
she took me back so tenderly,
arranging her dark skirts, her
pockets
full of lichens and seeds.
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Implied through tone of voice
Implied through symbols
Implied through metaphors
Life is a yo-yo. It's a series of
ups and downs.
Implied through Imagery
SUSPENSE
 The growing interest and excitement readers
experience while awaiting a climax or
resolution in a work of literature.
 To build suspense, an author may use
foreshadowing as well as a number of other
literary devices.
Symbol
 An object, a person, a place, or an
experience that represents something else,
usually something abstract. A symbol may
have more than one meaning, or its meaning
may change from the beginning to the end
of a literary work.
TONE
 A reflection of a writer’s or speaker’s
attitude toward a subject of a poem, story, or
other literary work. Tone may be
communicated through words and details
that express particular emotions and that
evoke an emotional response in the reader.
MOOD
 The feeling or atmosphere that an author
creates in a literary work. The mood can
suggest a specific emotion, such as excited
or fearful. Mood can also suggest the
quality of a setting, such as somber or calm.
Irony
 The general term for a literary technique
that portrays differences between
appearance and reality, expectation and
result, or meaning and intention.
 There are three main types of irony.
Types of Irony
 Situational irony – exists when the actual
outcome of a situation is the opposite of
what is expected.
 Verbal irony – exists when a person says
one thing and means another
 Dramatic irony – exists when the reader
knows something that a character does not
know
Dialect, Dialogue, & Local Color
 Dialect – A variation of a standard language
spoken by a group of people, often within a
particular region.
 Dialogue – Conversation between characters in a
literary work. Dialogue brings characters to life
by revealing their personalities and by showing
what they are thinking and feeling as they react to
other characters.
 Local Color – The use of specific details to recreate the language, customs, geography, and
habits of a particular area.
Whether you’re the reader, or the
writer, a great story includes all
these literary elements!!!
foreshadowing
Mood
protagonist
conflict
theme
climax
characters
Plot
setting
antagonist
point of view
Tone