Transcript ALAT Chapter 3 - Arizona Branch of AALAS

Chapter Three
An Introduction to Science
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Scientific Fundamentals
 Competency in technical skills = an
understanding of basic science & general
scientific concepts and terminology.
 Practical aspects essential for the skills required.
 General information helps in understanding
research, communicating effectively with
scientists & advancing careers.
 Additional study required to develop special skills
needed to perform advanced techniques.
Selected Scientific Terminology
 Prefix, Root, & Suffix
Prefix is descriptive & appears at the beginning.
Root is item being described.
Suffix is at end of word & is descriptive.
 “Bio” (life), “logy” (study of) = biology (study of
life)
 “Patho” (disease), pathology = study of disease
 “Anti–” (against), antibiotic = against life, &
describes a drug that kills bacteria
 Diabetics = too much glucose in blood =
hyperglycemia =“hyper” (more than) + “glyc”
(glucose) + “emia” (blood)
(Image) Prefix, Root and Suffix
Prefix
a–
ante anti –
bi –
con –
ecto –
endo –
hemi –
hyper hypo inter –
intra –
iso –
macro –
micro –
pseudo neo –
without
before
against
two
together
outside
inside
half
>
<
between
within
equal
large
small
false
new
Root
bio
cardio
cyto
dermo
entero
gastro
hemo
hepato
lacto
neuro
osteo
oto
patho
podo
tricho
life
heart
cell
skin
intestine
stomach
blood
liver
milk
nerve
bone
ear
disease
foot
hair
Suffix
-algia
-cide
–ectomy
-itis
–logy
-lysis
-oma
-osis
-tomy
pain
killings
surgical removal
inflammation
study of
breakdown
tumor
disease condition
cut into
Basic Principles of Chemistry
 All matter fundamental material called atoms.
Atoms make up elements.
Different elements combine and form a molecule.
 Elements are shown with standard symbols:
carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), hydrogen
(H), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe)
 Atoms combine to form molecules such as:
O2 = oxygen found in air
H2O = a water molecule
CO2 = carbon dioxide
More Chemistry
 Interaction of atoms
metabolism of food, interaction of
an antibiotic, toxicity of medicine
involve chemical reactions
 Chemical reactions in living things = biochemistry.
 Chemical interactions in normal animals, in a
dynamic balance, called homeostasis.
 Incorrect environment or errors can cause changes
in homeostasis.
 Recognize that SOPs, treatments, feeds and
dosages are meant to reduce unwanted chemical
impacts on research data.
Weights and Measures
 Metric system is based on powers of 10.
units are gram (g), meter (m), and liter (l)
 Prefix units indicate multiples or fractions, i.e.:
1 milli = 1/1,000; centi =1/100; deci = 1/10; kilo = 1,000
1 mg = 1/1,000 of a gram, and 1 kg = 1,000 grams
1 ml = 1/1,000 of a liter, and a 1 kl = 1,000 liters
1 mm =1/1,000 meter, and 1 km = 1,000 meters
 Conversions:
1 inch = 2.5 centimeters
1 meter is little longer than three feet
1 liter is about the size of a quart
1 milliliter is about 20 drops
15 grams is about a half ounce
1 kg = 2.2 pounds
Temperature
 Fahrenheit and Celsius
 Celsius = centigrade, 100 degrees separate
freezing and boiling water
 Fahrenheit to Celsius: °C = 5/9 (°F - 32)
180°F to Celsius scale:
°C = 5/9 (180° - 32) = 5/9 x 14 = 740/9 = 82.2°C
 Celsius to Fahrenheit: °F = 9/5 (°C) + 32
41°C to Fahrenheit:
°F = 9/5 (41°) + 32 = 73.8 + 32 = 105.8°F
 To use decimals to make these conversions, the
formulas are:
°C = (°F- 32 )/ 1.8
°F = (1.8 x °C) + 32
More Weights and Measures
 Other common temperature conversions that
should be committed to memory include:
 72°F = 22°C.
 39°F = 4°C.*
 32°F = 0°C.
 212°F = 100°C.
 98.6°F = 37°C.
*(corrected)
Additional Reading
McBride, Doug. Learning Veterinary Terminology,
Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St. Louis, MO. 1996.