Transcript Chapter 6
Valuing Bonds
Chapter 6 Fin 325, Section 04 - Spring 2010 Washington State University
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Overview
The U.S. bond market is over twice the size of the U.S. stock market Total outstanding debt in 2007: $29.2 trillion Total market value of common stock: $14.2 trillion In general, bonds are less risky than stocks But, like all assets, high-yield bonds have higher risk 2
Bond Characteristics
Bonds are debt obligations Corporations Federal government and federal agencies States and local governments Bonds are also known as fixed-income securities Amount and timing of cash flows are known For the issuer, the bond is a loan that requires regular interest payments and repayment of the borrowed principal 3
Bond Terms
The precise terms of a bond issue are outlined in the indenture Maturity date Par value (also called face value), usually $1,000 Interest rate Any property pledged as collateral Steps the bondholder can take in event of default 4
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Coupon Rate
The bond’s interest rate The name “coupon” is an artifact of history Now, bond owners are registered with the company. Interest payments are wired to the owner’s account The coupon rate is listed as a percentage of par value A 5 percent coupon rate pays 5 percent of $1000 (or $50) each year, or $25 every six months 6
Bond Price
When first issued, bonds sell at par value Bond prices change as interest rates and firm risk change When the bonds trade among investors in the secondary market, the price will likely differ from par value Corporate bond prices are quoted in terms of percent of par Examples: a bond worth $1,150 would be listed at 115, while a bond worth $870 is quoted as 87 7
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Bond Issuers
U.S. Treasury bonds Corporate bonds Municipal bonds 9
U.S. Treasury Bonds
Backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government Safest fixed-income investments Fed sells Treasury securities through public auction Finance the federal deficit; implement monetary policy Maturities differ: Less than one year: Treasury bills One to ten years: Treasury notes Greater than ten years: Treasury bonds 10
Corporate Bonds
Used by corporations to raise capital Firms have a choice when they raise capital: Debt (bonds) Equity (stock) Firms seek to minimize their overall capital costs (capital structure decision) 11
Municipal Bonds
Issued by state and local governments Streets, highways, hospitals, schools, sewer systems General Obligation Bonds Projects that benefit the entire community Repaid through tax revenues Revenue Bonds Projects that benefit certain groups, such as toll roads and airports Repaid from user fees Interest is tax-free 12
Other Bonds and Bond-based Securities
Treasury Inflation Protected Securities (TIPS) These were first issued in 1997 They have fixed coupon rates They are indexed to inflation The federal government adjusts the par value to adjust for inflation reflected by changes in the CPI As the par value changes over time, so do the interest payments The total return from TIPS comes from the interest payments and the inflation adjustment to par value 13
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Reading Bond Quotes
Volume of trading in Treasury bonds and notes is huge Average over a half billion dollars daily Trading in corporate bonds and municipals is much less active 15
Treasury bonds are quoted in 32s of a percent Example: a quoted price of 105:19 means 105 and 19/32 percent, or 105.594% of par. This translates into a dollar price of $1,055.94.
Bid price, Ask price, Bid-Ask spread Premium bonds - sell at premium Discount bonds - sell at discount Sell at par 16
Corporate bonds quotes are listed as a percentage of par Example: a quote of 97.876 -> price $978.76
Corporate bonds are riskier than Treasuries Coupon rate (default risk, maturity, market interest rate) In the U.S., corporate bonds typically pay their coupons semiannually.
Example: pays $55.70 per year, or $27.85 every six months 17
Municipal bonds are quoted in terms of percent of par Municipal bonds often have a par value of $5,000 rather than $1,000 Example: a quote of 100.46 translates into a dollar price of (1.0046 x $5,000) = $5,002.30
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Bond Valuation
The value of a bond represents the present value of future cash flows.
Bonds are easier to value than stocks because in the case of bonds, the cash flows are known Investors also know the time remaining to maturity, and the prevailing market interest rate for bonds of similar risk 19
Zero Coupon Bond
Zero coupon bonds sell at a substantial discount to par Example: Par value = $1,000; maturity = 20 years from now; discount rate = 6% (assume semi-annual compounding)
INPUT OUTPUT 40 N 3 I/YR PV 306.56
0 1000 PMT FV
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What if it is an ordinary bond that pays a 7 percent coupon
INPUT OUTPUT 40 N 3 I/YR PV 1,115.37
35 1000 PMT FV
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Bond Prices and Interest Rate Risk
A bond’s interest payments and par value are fixed Interest rates rise Bond prices fall Interest rates fall Bond prices rise 23
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Example: 5% bonds, semiannual compounding 15 years to maturity Par value = $1,000 Required yield to maturity = 9%
INPUT OUTPUT 30 N 4.5 I/YR PV 674.22
25 1000 PMT FV
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Same problem, but now the time to maturity is only 5 years:
INPUT OUTPUT 10 N 4.5 I/YR PV 841.75
25 1000 PMT FV
The amount of the discount is much less for the 5-year bond versus the 15-year bond 26
The size of a bond’s coupon also affects its interest rate risk The larger the coupon, the less the bond’s price changes when interest rates change Example: 30 year maturity, 7% semiannual coupons, 6% yield to maturity, $1,000 par
INPUT OUTPUT 60 N 3 I/YR PV 1,138.38
35 1000 PMT FV
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Now let’s say interest rates increase by 1% so that the yield to maturity equals 7%
INPUT OUTPUT 60 N 3.5 I/YR PV 1,000 35 1000 PMT FV
So the price changed by 1,138.38 – 1,000 = 138.38, or a decrease of 12.16% 28
Same problem, interest rates increase from 6% to 7%, coupon rate 10%: The price percentage change is smaller: Price change = 1,553.51 – 1,374.17 = 179.34, or a 11.5% decrease Reinvestment rate risk Bondholders with higher coupon bonds can take those coupons and reinvest them at the new interest rate, thus offsetting a portion of the effect on price 29
Term Structure of Interest Rates
Different interest rates apply to bonds with different terms to maturity
Yield Curve
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Bond Yields
Current Yield Current yield measure the portion of total return that is due to the coupon interest payments It ignores the portion of return due to price changes, or capital gains
Current yield
Annual coupon Bond price
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Yield to Maturity (YTM)
YTM measures the total return to the bond holder if the bond is held to maturity It takes into account both the price paid for the bond and the amount of coupon interest Example: Coupon rate = 7%, semiannual, 8 years left to maturity, current price = $1,150. What is the yield to maturity?
INPUT OUTPUT 16 N I/YR 2.363
-1150 35 1000 PV PMT FV
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However, this 2.363 yield is for a 6-month period. We must convert this into an annual return YTM = 2.363 x 2 = 4.73% Bond prices and yields are inversely related As a bond price falls, its YTM increases Premium Bonds have a YTM less than coupon rate Discount Bonds have a YTM greater than coupon rate 33
Callable Bond
The issuer “calls” the bonds back prior to maturity Advantage for the issuer, but a disadvantage for the investor Pays the principal plus a call premium, which is usually one year’s worth of interest payments Allows the issuing firm to refinance when interest rates fall 34
Yield to Call (YTC)
The YTM calculation assumes that the bond is held to maturity What if the bond is called by the issuer prior to maturity? The investor would receive only the coupon payments up to the point of call, plus the call price The return from when the bond is purchased to when the bond is called is YTC. 35
Example:
20-year bond with 7 percent coupons, semiannual The bond can be called in 5 years at a call price of $1,070 The bond’s market price is $1,106.38.
INPUT OUTPUT 10 N I/YR 2.875
-1106.38 35 1070 PV PMT FV
YTC = 2 x 2.875 = 5.75% 36
Municipal Bonds and Yield
Municipal bonds appear to offer low yields compared with corporate bonds and Treasury securities.
This is because the interest from municipal bonds is tax exempt at the federal level, and generally at the state level as well In order to compare yields, we must compute the after-tax yield on municipal bonds 37
Equivalent Taxable Yield
Equivalent Taxable Yield Muni 1 tax yield rate Example: Pre-tax yield on municipal bond is 5%, and investor’s marginal tax rate is 35% Equivalent taxable yield = 5 / (1-.35) = 7.69% Municipal bonds are more attractive to high income investors (with high marginal tax rates) 38
Credit Risk
Bond Ratings Measure of an issuer’s credit quality Bond rating agencies, such as Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s, monitor debt and report their findings as a grade, or rating Investment grade Junk bond (speculative bond) Bonds are sometimes downgraded or upgraded based on changing conditions “Fallen Angels” 39
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Bond Markets
The majority of bond trading occurs in a decentralized, over-the-counter market, a small number of corporate bonds are listed on centralized exchanges such as the NYSE Most trades occur between bond dealers and large institutional investors such as mutual funds, pension funds, and insurance companies Bond Indexes track bond price and yield changes Lehman Brothers Aggregate Bond Index Merrill Lynch Taxable Bond Index Bond Buyer Municipal Bond Index 41