Transcript The Acute Phase Response
P. aeruginosa
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Gram negative bacilli Aerobic non-fermenting Chromatid size 5.7 Mb Found in soil, vegetation, water
P. aeruginosa and Nosocomial Infections
• Found in hospital environment in moist reservoirs: food, cut flowers, sinks, toilets, floor mops, medical equipment, disinfectant solutions.
• Common problem in immunocompromised patients, burn victims, resident catheters, cystic fibrosis • Resistant to antibiotics
P. Aruginosa Virulence Factors I
• Adhesins • Alginate Production • Endotoxin • Neuraminidase • Exotoxin A • Exoenzyme S
P. Aruginosa Virulence Factors II
• Elastolytic Activity - LasA, LasB • Phospholipase C • Pyocyanin, Pyochelin • Antibiotic Resistance
Mycobacteria
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Non-motile, aerobic gram positive bacilli Acid-fast Slow growth Resistant to detergents Immunostimulatory 74 different species, a third associated with human disease
e.g
M. tuberculosis, M. leprae
Mycobacteria
Bacteria reach lungs; enter macrophages Bacteria reproduce in macrophages Granuloma h P ag o cy te s, T ce lls , B c s ell Dead Phagocytes Lesion begins to form (caseous necrosis) Bacteria cease to grow; lesion calcifies Lesion liquifies Spread to blood, organs Bacteria coughed up in sputum Reactivation Death
M. Tuberculosis Diagnosis
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Mantoux test – PPD Positive test – Redness and swelling (erythema) Hardening (induration)
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Disadvantages – BCG Vaccination Slow development Anergy
M. Leprae
• Disease – Leprosy (Hansen’s disease): tuberculoid and lepromatous form.
• Virulence factors – unknown • Transmission – Lepromatous leprosy: Highly infectious Tuberculoid leprosy: Low
N. gonorrhoea
Aerobic, gram negative cocci.
Horizontal and vertical transmission Health Problem: High rate of asymptomatics Antigenically variable
N. gonorrhoeae
Oropharyngeal infection Anal or genital Infection Pharyngitis Local irritation, discharge Systemic spread 1% (arthritis, endocarditis meningitis) Asymptomatic (especially women)
N. gonorrhoeae
Cervical infection (symptomatic or asymptomatic)
N. gonorrhoeae
Surface colonization of infant at birth Ascending infection of uterine cavity, fallopian tubes (pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy) Blindness Eye infection Conjunctivitis
N. gonorrhoea Virulence Factors
• Capsule • Pilus (PilE, PileS antigenic variation) • Opa (Slipped strand mispairing) • LOS • Iron binding proteins: Tbp1,2,Lbp • Protease
Stages in interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with cultured mammalian cells
Stages in interaction of N. gonorrhoeae with cultured mammalian cells