Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - RICHARD WAGNER (1813

Robert Schumann
1810 - 1856
Schumann
• 1810 - Born in Saxony
(now part of Germany)
• Accomplished pianist as a boy
• 1828 – Entered law school, but
never went to class. Instead spent
his time in musical, social &
literary activities
Schumann
• 1829 – Began piano lessons with
Friedrich Wieck to become concert
pianist; quit to attend Heidelberg
University
• 1830 – Lived with Wieck
• 1832 – Began to have trouble with his
hand, made a contraption to strengthen
fingers, but it actually crippled them
• 1835 – Met Mendehlssohn
Schumann
• Developed relationship
with Clara Wieck, his
teacher's daughter
• Mr. Wieck did not
approve
• Went to court to seek
permission to marry
Clara
Schumann
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Was nearsighted & afraid of heights
Was a music critic
Established his own music journal
Wrote under 2 pen names – Florestan
& Eusebius
• Lines between reality & fantasy
blurred because he dedicated 2 of the
movements of Carnaval to Florestan &
Eusebuis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMZi29dagGo
Schumann
 Toward end of life, heard strange voices
 Said the spirits of Schubert & Mendelssohn
came to him to dictate musical themes.
 Sometimes he thought he was being pursued
by tigers & hyenas.
 Attempted suicide
 Voluntarily committed to an asylum.
Schumann’s Music
• Wrote lieder, piano music, orchestral
music, chamber music, 1 opera, some
choral music
• “Piano Concerto in A Minor”
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ND1J8Bc7RY
• Reminder – Romantic music expressed
emotion with little restraint & described
things like nature, a scene or a feeling
Comparing Schubert &
Schumann
Comparing Schubert &
Schumann
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Austria
Schubert – born in ________
Schumann – born in _________
Germany
Both wrote _______
lieder
piano
Both played the ________
Schubert was not well known;
Schumann was a music critic &
established his own music journal
• Both wrote music that fits into the
Romantic Period
__________
The Life of Frédéric Chopin
“Poet of the Piano”
1810-1849
Overview
• Born on March 1, 1810
in Zelazowa, Poland.
• World renowned
virtuosic pianist and
composer.
• Known for his originality
in regards to the piano
Major Works
• Chopin composed almost primarily for the
piano and some of his most well known
compositions are listed below.
– Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49
– Revolutionary Etude, Op. 10, No. 12
– 24 Preludes, Op. 28
Childhood
• Family moved to Warsaw, Poland shortly after
Chopin’s birth.
• Began playing piano at 4.
• Composed two Polonaises (Solemn Polish
Dance) at the age of 7.
• Labeled a child “prodigy”
Biography
• Studied piano at
Warsaw Conservatory
under Wilhelm Würfel.
• Heavily influenced by
Polish folk music.
• Finished his formal
education at the Higher
School in 1829.
Biography (cont.)
• Traveled Europe giving concerts in places such
as Vienna, Munich, Paris, and London.
• During this time Chopin was constantly
working on new compositions.
War at Home
• While in Vienna, there was a revolt in Poland
against the Russian Czar who ruled the nation.
• A war ensued, and eventually Poland fell
completely under Russian control.
War at Home (cont.)
• Distraught over the
disaster in Poland,
Chopin nearly had a
nervous breakdown.
• As a result of the war,
thousands of Poles
emigrated to less
hostile countries.
Vienna
• While staying in Vienna,
Chopin’s compositions
became more
expressive and helped
to create his own
individual style.
• Example: Etudes, Op. 10
Paris
• In 1831, Chopin arrived in Paris to further his career.
• While there, he met and befriended other legendary
composers such as…
Composers
• Franz Lizst (Above Left)
• Felix Mendelssohn (Above)
• Robert Schumann (Left)
George Sand
• Also while in Paris,
Chopin met and
married the famous
French writer George
Sand.
• She was a source of
inspiration as well as a
maternal figure in
Chopin’s life.
• Alas…
George Sand (cont.)
• The couple separated in
1847, leaving Chopin
emotionally crushed.
Chopin’s Death
• After that, Chopin’s
health began to decline.
• He was diagnosed with
pulmonary tuberculosis
• Chopin died on October
17th, 1849, in Paris.
In Closing
• Chopin’s music is
recognized worldwide
for its beauty and
complexity.
• His works on the piano
are staples in the piano
repertoire.
Further Listening
• Most any of Chopin’s works are critically
acclaimed, but some of his most famous are:
– Chopin Etudes
– Chopin Impromptus
– Chopin Waltzes
The Music of Liszt (1811-1886)
Franz Liszt was known as the piano
virtuoso of the Romantic Period. He
exploited the tonal and technical
resources of the piano, like using
unconventional tones, chromaticism,
remote modulation, dissonances,
repeated notes, fast arpeggios, scales
played in octaves and chords
simultaneously played by both hands.
Extremes in tempo and dynamics were common.
Examples of his composition for the piano are his
etudes, rhapsodies and other piano pieces. A
rhapsody is a declamatory piece in free form
using different melodies that vary in mood and
tempo.
Aside from the compositions for the piano. Liszt
also composed music for the orchestra. He
conceived the idea of writing one-movement
compositions fro the orchestra, based on extra
musical associations. They have no standard
structure and these works are called symphonic
poem or tone poem.
Symphonic poems are one-movement
compositions originated by the
Hungarian composer Franz Liszt in
the 1800's. Symphonic poems are
inspired by subjects taken from
literature, mythology, or history that
are usually explained in the programs
given to the audience.
FRANZ LISZT
His life. Liszt was born in Raiding, Hungary
(now part of Austria) on Oct. 22, 1811. His
father, a talented amateur musician, was his
first piano teacher. The boy's musical talent
appeared early. By the time he was 12, he had
been presented in Austria, Germany, and
Hungary as a child prodigy at the piano.
In 1823, Liszt went to Paris, where he studied
music theory and composition. The French
recognized him as a brilliant performer with an
almost uncanny ability to improvise on the
keyboard. He had once wanted to become a
priest, but instead decided to follow a career in
music.
FRANZ LISZT
In the early 1830's, Liszt came to know
many influential people in the artistic and
literary circles of Paris. He met Niccolo
Paganini, the pianist Frederic Chopin, and
the composer Hector Berlioz. He also met
the Countess Marie d'Agoult, who was his
mistress from 1835 until 1844. Liszt was
romantically involved with many women
during his life, including the writer George
Sand and the Princess Carolyne von SaynWittgenstein.
Liszt wrote two symphonies for
orchestra, the Faust Symphony (1857)
and the Dante Symphony (1857). He
also wrote 13 symphonic poems,
which he preferred to call "tone
poems." Les Preludes (1848, revised
before 1854) is the best known of his
symphonic poems.
Other compositions include: La
Campanella, Hungarian Rhapsodies
and Liebestraum.
While the Princess Carolyne von SaynWittgenstein lived with Liszt at Weimar, she
strongly influenced his career as a composer.
But in 1858, Liszt resigned his post at Weimar.
He went to Rome in 1861. In 1865, Liszt took the
vows of the four minor orders of the Roman
Catholic Church and received the title of Abbe,
but he never became a priest. In his later years,
Liszt divided his time between Rome, Weimar,
and Budapest, and taught piano and
composition. In 1886, Liszt toured Europe,
attending concerts presented in honor of his
75th birthday. He died at Bayreuth on July 31,
1886.
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Johannes Brahms
(1833 - 1897)
Brahms Childhood
 Johannes Brahms was born
May 7, 1833 in Hamburg,
Germany.
 Growing up, his family was
very poor.
 His father gave him his first
musical training.
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Musical Training
 Brahms started taking piano lessons at the age
of 7.
 His teachers were very well known musicians
having connections with Mozart and Schubert.
 His musical training became more well known
when he went on a concert tour at age 19.
Brahms as a Composer
 Brahms began composing at
the age of 11.
 Another composer, Robert
Schumann (1810 - 1856) got to
know Brahms around the age
of 20 and he was amazed by
his talent.
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Brahms and the Schumanns
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• Robert Schumann thought very
highly of Brahms and promoted
Brahms’ career.
• He wrote about him in musical
journals, introduced him and
arranged concerts for him.
• After Schumann’s death in 1856
(at age 46), Brahms became
good friends with his wife, Clara.
• It is thought that Brahms wrote
several pieces to honor Clara.
His Compositions
 Throughout his life, Brahms
wrote many compositions
including:
 4 symphonies and several
concertos
 Piano pieces including 3 sonatas
and 21 Hungarian Dances.
 His greatest work is thought to
be his German Requiem, written
after the death of his mother
and dear friend, Schumann.
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Brahms’ Death
 Johannes Brahms died on
April 3, 1897 at age 63.
 He is buried in the
Zentralfriedhof (Central
Cemetery) in Vienna,
Austria.
 Also buried there:
Beethoven and Schubert
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Romantic era continued
• Who said “At one time they tried to make
music give people pleasure - now they torture
and tire them”?
• Tchaikovsky said this after hearing Wagner’s
Ring at Bayreuth in 1876
- BBC Music, December, 2002
Wagner and the Romantic Movement
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Romantic movement is expressed best by Wagner’s music
Music Dramas
Practiced what he preached
Saw himself as a hero
Everything he conceived was larger than life
Lived extravagantly
Made many enemies
One of the most innovative artists of the era
One of the most brilliant and original musicians of the time
Wagner's life and career
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b. 1813 in Leipzig
Little formal musical training
Wrote he words and the music for his operas
First opera, "Die Feen", composed at age 20
Worked as a conductor with a traveling opera troop
Married Minna, an actress
Paris - piano and band arrangements of popular operatic tunes by other
composers
• Spent time in debtor's prison
• First masterpiece, "The Flying Dutchman", was produced in 1843
• Moved to Dresden where the “Dutchman” was produced and where he
composed "Tannhauser" and "Lohengrin"
Wagner's life and career
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Left Dresden for Switzerland where he lived in exile
Sketched out a cycle of 4 operas, "The Ring of the Nibeling"
His wife leaves him
Falls in love with Mathilde Wesendonck
1856-1859 he composes "Tristan"
Moves to Vienna in 1860
Flees in 1864 due to debt
Ludwig II offers him money
Wagner's spending bankrupt the country; Ludwig forced to exile the composer
Becomes romantically involved with Cosima von Bulow (Liszt’s daughter)
Begins building a festival theater in Bayreuth - first production in 1882 with the
"Ring" cycle
Composed his final opera, "Parsifal"
Died in Venice, 1882
The "Complete Work of Art"
• Wagner believed that art and opera must be more than a diversion
• His idea is called Gesamtkunstwerk
• Totally revolutionized Harmony by completely avoiding resolution with
known, stable chords
• Orchestra is important now
• Constructed scores with a symphonic sound in mind
• The singing becomes an instrument in the overall effect
• Expanded the size of the orchestra
• Invented new instruments (the Wagner tuba)
The Wagner Tuba
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A relative of the horn, it was invented in
the late 1800's to meet the specifications
of the composer Richard Wagner
He wanted an instrument that would add
depth to the brass section and provide a
tonal color that would bridge the colors of
the horn and the trombone
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It is usually played with a French horn
mouthpiece by a horn player
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Because of its brash tone quality, it is the
perfect sound for depicting the bad guys
in Wagner operas
Besides the operas,
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Wagner regarded himself as
"the most German of men”
and "the German spirit"
He composed 13 operas and
numerous other compositions
He has been classified as an
anarchist, a socialist, a protofascist, a nationalist, a
vegetarian and an anti-Semite.
His name appeared in
connection with almost all
major trends in German
history of the 19th and 20th
centuries!
He wrote books and articles
and around 10,000 letters
Bayreuth
• Wagner’s idea was to create a "mystical abyss" separating the real world
(the viewers) from the ideal world (the singers on the stage)
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The inaugural festival in Bayreuth was attended by Kaiser Wilhelm of
Prussia, King Ludwig of Bavaria (who insisted on secrecy and did not want
to be seen by either his fellow royals or the people), Emperor Dom Pedro II
of Brazil, the rulers of various German principalities, nobility from all over
Germany and Austria-Hungary, musicians such as Anton Bruckner, Edvard
Grieg, Peter Tchaikovsky, Camille Saint-Saëns, Franz Liszt
Antonin Dvorak
Great Czech Composer
1841-1904
Romantic period
"I wish you could have heard Dvorak's music, it is simply ravishing
… so tuneful and clever - I cannot describe it, it must be heard."
Dvorak’s
Life
Born in 1841 in a small town near Prague.
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• His father was an amateur musician, the village
innkeeper and butcher a trade to which the young
Dvorak would be apprenticed for three years.
• He learned the violin.
• At 16 he was sent to the Prague Organ School.
• At 18, he plunged into the life of a working musician. He
played in various dance bands, usually as a violist, but
also as a trained organist.
• In 1861 Dvorák joined the National Theatre in Prague as a
violist.
• Around this time, he also began giving private piano
lessons, eventually marrying one of his students.
• Dvorak found it easy to compose a lot of
music quickly, including Slovonic Dances in
1878.
• Became a professor of composition at the
Prague Conservatory.
• Went on a series of trips to London to
conduct his own music.
• In 1884 he earned a commission to
compose The Spectre’s Bride, a ghost story
cantata.
• In 1891 he received an honorary doctorate
degree from Cambridge University,
England.
• Following successful tours to
Russia and Germany, Dvorák
accepted an invitation in
1892 to become director of
the National Conservatory of
Music in New York City.
• In 1893 while in the United
States, he wrote what is
probably his most famous
work, the Symphony in E
Minor from The New World.
• In 1895 Dvorák returned to Prague where he
completed Rusalka in 1900, the ninth of his 10
operas. In it, he tells the familiar story of a water
nymph who falls in love with a human prince.
• The following year Dvorák became the director of the
Prague Conservatory. He devoted his last years to
working on an opera, Armida.
• Despite the
international
recognition he had
achieved, Dvorák lived
in relative poverty as a
result of unfavorable
contracts with his music
publishers.
He died on May 1, 1904.
A national day of
mourning was declared,
and Dvorák was honored
with a burial in Vysehrad
Cemetery, where many
prominent Czechs are
also buried.
Dvorak’s Cello Concerto
• Piece for solo Cello and Orchestra
Dvorak’s Cello Concerto in B minor, Op. 104
How it came to be composed
• The Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in B minor, Op. 104 was the last
composed of Dvořák's concertos. He wrote it in 1894-1895 for his
friend, the cellist Hanuš Wihan. Wihan and others had asked for a cello
concerto for some time, but Dvořák always refused, stating that the
cello was a fine orchestral instrument but completely insufficient for a
solo concerto.
• Dvořák composed the concerto in New York while serving as the
Director of the National Conservatory. In 1894 Victor Herbert, who was
also teaching at the Conservatory, had written a cello concerto and
presented it in a series of concerts. Dvořák attended at least two
performances of Victor Herbert's cello concerto and was inspired to
fulfill Wihan's request for a cello concerto. Dvořák's concerto received
its premiere in London on March 16, 1896. The work was well
received. Brahms said of the work: "Had I known that one could write a
cello concerto like this, I would have written one long ago!"
Dvorak’s Legends Op.59, B.122
• A cycle of ten small-scale pieces.
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Allegretto non troppo, quasi andantino (in D minor)
Molto moderato (in G major)
Allegro giusto (in G minor)
Molto maestoso (in C major)
Allegro giusto (in A♭ major)
Allegro con moto (in C♯ minor)
Allegretto grazioso (in A major)
Un poco allegretto (in F major)
Andante con moto (in D major)
Andante (in B♭ minor)
• The work was composed originally for piano duet, but
later was arranged also for a reduced orchestra.
• Symphony Nova Scotia is playing 2 of them.
Symphony No. 8 in G major, Opus 88
• Composed and orchestrated by Antonín Dvořák within the two-and-ahalf-month period from August 26 to November 8 1889 in Vysoká u
Příbrami, Bohemia.
• The score was dedicated: "To the Bohemian Academy of Emperor Franz
Joseph for the Encouragement of Arts and Literature, in thanks for my
election."
• Dvořák conducted the premiere in Prague on February 2, 1890.
• Characterized by a warmer and more optimistic tone.
• Some feel the Eighth is the best of his symphonies.
• Parts of it show his Bohemian background.
• His Ninth Symphony, the New World Symphony, is very popular
because of its musical images of North America. Dvořák was interested
in the Native American music and African-American spirituals he heard
in America.
Movements
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The work is in four movements:
Allegro con brio (G major) – The first movement is a powerful and glowing
exposition characterized by liberal use of timpani. It opens with a lyrical G minor
theme in the cellos, horns, clarinets and bassoon with violas and double basses
pizzicato. This gives way to a "bird call" flute melody. The general cheery nature of
this movement is contrasted sharply by the more ominous minor-key sections.
Adagio (C minor) – Despite being marked Adagio the second movement, in reality,
moves along at quite a reasonable speed. It begins with a typically beautiful
clarinet duet and ends quietly, but contentedly.
Allegretto grazioso – Molto vivace (G minor) – Most of the third movement is a
melancholy waltz in 3/8 time. Near the end, the meter changes to 2/4, and the
music ends in a manner not unlike that of the second movement.
Allegro ma non troppo (G major) – The finale (formally a set of variations) is the
most turbulent movement. It begins with a fanfare of trumpets, then progresses to
a beautiful melody which is first played by the cellos. The tension is masterfully
built and finally released at approximately two minutes into the piece, with a
cascade of instruments triumphantly playing the initial theme at a somewhat
faster pace. From there, following an enormous flute solo, the movement
compellingly progresses through a tempestuous middle section, modulating from
major to minor several times throughout. After a return to the slow, lyrical section,
the piece ends on a chromatic coda, in which brass and timpani are greatly
prominent.
Tristan Chord
Peter Ilych
Tchaikovsky
Born: 1840 in Russia
Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky
Acknowledged as the greatest
composer in Russia and one
of the great composers in the
world, Tchaikovsky was truly
a composer for the people.
His music reflected not only
his own powerful emotions
and his Russian patriotism,
but also his feelings that were
(and are) common to all of
humanity.
Tchaikovsky
In this story, we get a glimpse
of his patriotism and his
over-sensitive heart.
As a boy growing up in Russia,
he was seen by his nanny
kissing the map of Russia, while
spitting on the other countries
in Europe.
When she reminded him that
she was French, he replied in a
sweet voice, “I covered France
Here is the house where
Tchaikovsky lived as a child
in the city of Votkinsk.
A Picture of
the
Tchaikovsky
Family in
1848. The
composer is
the boy
standing on
the far left.
Tchaikovsky
Tchaikovsky’s life was full of contrasts. He seemed to alternate
between being a shy, modest person and a do-it-now and askquestions-later kind of attitude.
He often had trouble dealing with
this double-sidedness, and as a
result was very self-conscious. He
tore up many compositions – he
even wrote on one of them
“Dreadful Muck”.
Tchaikovsky
Peter as a child
Peter Ilych was always a sensitive little boy. The slightest
word of disapproval from his nanny would send him
scurrying off to the corner for a long sulk. She called him
“a porcelain child”, because she thought he was so
emotionally fragile. As he grew older, Tchaikovsky
developed this into an art. He became a master pouter. His
music can be pretty weepy, too.
Listen to this
portion of his
Symphony #6.
His brother
nicknamed
the symphony
“Pathetique.”
Why do you think Tchaikovsky developed such
low self-esteem?
Tchaikovsky
• Tchaikovsky studied law and for a while was
employed as a legal clerk for the
government. There, he perfected the art of
looking busy while doing very little. He
didn’t begin to study music seriously until he
was 21.
• He was a late bloomer, but he made up for it.
He once confessed that before he began
studying at the St. Petersburg Conservatory,
he didn’t even know how many symphonies
Beethoven had composed. But you do, right?
Romeo and
Juliet
More info
Listen to two selections from
Tchaikovsky’s Romeo and Juliet
fantasy. Common in the Romantic
Period was Program Music. Write
the definition in the space provided.
•What do you think is happening in the first
(Click to start each)
selection?
•What does the second represent?1. Fighting 2. Love
Tchaikovsky
Anton Rubenstein
Peter accepted criticism
with a positive attitude
toward his improvement.
Once he took a
composition he had
worked very hard on to
his teacher Anton
Rubenstein.
Tchaikovsky wrote of
Rubenstein’s reaction, “He
said, ‘it was not for the
development of imbeciles
that he took the trouble to
teach composition.’ I left the
Conservatory full of gratitude
for my professor."
Although he gained fame as a composer, he never had
what it takes to be a good conductor, even of his own
music.
He was always very
nervous and had a
morbid fear that his
head might fall off in
the middle of the
piece.
So he propped it up
with his left hand and
conducted only with
his right. True Story!
We don’t
know how he
turned the
pages.
Tchaikovsky’s love life was, to put it bluntly, depressing.
As a young man he was deeply in love with an
operatic soprano named Desiree Artot. They got
engaged, but then she married someone else
without any warning or communication
whatsoever.
Desiree
Artot
Later, one of his students, Antonina
Miliukova, declared her love for Peter,
and he agreed to marry her out of pity.
Peter and Antonina
He shouldn’t have bothered. The
marriage was a disaster from start to
finish and lasted all of nine weeks.
Tchaikovsky
In a fit of
depression,
Tchaikovsky
attempted suicide
by jumping into
the River Neva,
hoping to catch
pneumonia.
Wouldn’t you know it, all he got was a terrible cold.
A wealthy
admirer
That same year, 1877,
was a good year in
another respect
though.
Tchaikovsky got a fan letter from a woman named Nadezhda
von Meck, a 46 year-old widow with 11 children and more
money than she knew what to do with. She thought it would
be fun to have a composer that she could call her own.
Tchaikovsky
She agreed to send Tchaikovsky a
regular allowance so that he could be
free to spend his time composing.
Her only rather eccentric stipulation was that they
should never meet.
They wrote letters back and forth all the time for
14 years, but never once met each other.
Assured of income from von Meck, Tchaikovsky wandered
around Europe composing. Since his music appealed to other
Europeans, he was often considered a traitor by other Russian
composers and many Russian listeners. He lived mainly alone,
avoiding social contact whenever possible.
However, once Tsar Alexander
III of Russia conferred nobility
and a lifelong pension to
Tchaikovsky, all of that
changed.
Tchaikovsky
became a
Russian hero for
his attempts at
“universal unity
with the West.”
He was able to
move into this
mansion, not far
from Moscow.
His success earned him an honorary Doctor
of Music degree in England.
His success also carried him all the way
to the United States, where he
conducted his Slavonic March at New
York’s Carnegie Hall on it’s
OPENING NIGHT on May 5, 1891.
Here is a crude sketch of Carnegie Hall
on opening night, illustrating how
simply packed it was.
Tchaikovsky
Died:
1893 in
St.
Petersbur
Tchaikovsky died in
1893, a famous and
successful man. He was
said to have contracted
Cholera from an unclean
water glass.
Authorities claim that
Tchaikovsky took poison
rather than be implicated
in a political scandal.
On to the Listening Examples….
Tchaikovsky
Although today the Nutcracker Ballet is one of Tchaikovsky’s
most popular compositions, in his lifetime it was a complete
failure!
The
Nutcracker
You may know this piece from seeing it at
Christmas time, or from the movie
Fantasia.
Now we will listen to the Chinese Dance from
the Nutcracker. Please complete the top area on
Click to start the music
your listening sheet.
1812 Overture
Tchaikovsky’s 1812
Overture is one of his most
famous pieces. We often
hear it performed in the
United States for
Independence Day, which
leads some people to
believe that it was written
for the American War of
1812, but it wasn’t. It
celebrated Russia’s defeat
of Napoleon in 1812. This
war happened 28 years
before Tchaikovsky was
born.
We will now complete the
lower portion of the listening
sheet. In this example from
the 1812 Overture, you will
hear a lot of bells –
Tchaikovsky used these to
represent the Church Bells
all over St. Petersburg after
the Russians had won a great
battle against Napoleon and
his troops.
Then you’ll hear cannon fire,
representing the fireworks
and the victory celebration of
the troops coming home.
(click to start music)
Tchaikovsky
The End
Romeo and Juliet
Return to
presentatio
n
William Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet is a story about two young people who fall in
love. Unfortunately, they belong to opposing families that hate
each other, the Montagues and the Capulets. The families are
always fighting and disturbing the peace of Verona. Romeo and
married
and decide
Juliet secretly
get to run
away together. In order for
this plan to succeed, Juliet
fakes her own death. She
explains this all in a letter to
Romeo, which he never
receives. Upon seeing her
“dead,” Romeo takes poison.
When Juliet sees Romeo dead,