Transcript The Constitutional Republic: The Directory , 1795

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Constitutional Republic: The Directory, 1795-1799
STARTER
Country of NB’sfirst major
military disaster
NB’s title from 1799-1804
Country of NB’s victorious
campaigns earning him fame
Rank he achieved by age of
24
Country of his birth.
Departement of constant
war and rebellion
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Name of the coup bringing
Napoleon to power in 1799
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Napoleon’s surname
KI3: Radical Revolution 1793-1799.
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Why was the Directoire
overthrown?
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Saturday, 02 May 2020
Saturday, 02 May 2020
Session Aims
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• identify the reasons
why the Directory was
unable to continue
• assess the role of
different groups in the
downfall of the
Directors
Events of 1789.
• Coup d’etat of
Brumaire
(11/9/1799)
• Consulate
begins
• End of
Revolution?
Constitution
of 1795
Rule of the Directory
1794
White
Terror
attacks
Jacobins
1795
Price
Controls
Abolished
1796
1797
Coup d’etat of
Fructidor
(September 4)
1797
1798
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Robespierre
Executed
(7/28/94)
-Thermidorian
Reaction
Begins
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Thermidorian Reaction
Consulate of NB
1799
1804
Napoleon
crowned
Emperor
=Restoration
Begins
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Constitution of 1795
– Supported mainly by Wealthy
– Restricted the politically active
class
– Universal male suffrage selected
Council of Ancients
electors
– Electors were usually wealthy
– Electors chose department officials
and members of the Legislative
Assembly
– Lower Chamber= Council of the 500
– Upper Chamber= Council of Ancients
(250)
• Chose the Directory (5
Council of 500
executives)
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•
The Weakness of the Directory
Opposition to the Directory
STRENGTHS
WEAKNESSES
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The
Directory
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FAILURES
THREATS
Gracchus Babeuf & Lower Class (hurt by
Laissez Faire); Declaration of Verona
and Conspiracy of Equals; the Count of
Provence; Jacobins; Hebertists ; Royalists
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The
Directory
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Opposition to the Directory
Directory’s Enemies on the Right
–
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•
Count of Provence
Directed royalists against
Directory from Verona, Italy
not too politically bright
Declaration of Verona
announced his intention to restore Old
Regime and punish revolutionaries since
1789 (doh!)
“Bourbons learned nothing and
forgot nothing.”
French don’t love Con of 1795 but
Restoration to them means
• Return of privileged nobility
• Reimplementation of the
manorial system
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–
–
Louis XVIII
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Conspiracy of Equals (1796)
group led by Gracchus
Babeuf
Wanted to overthrow the
Directory with a
dictatorship
called it democratic
Wanted to abolish private
property, equality decreed
a precursor to communism
Babeuf is guillotined
Yet Directory ignored
hardships of lower classes
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•
•
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Directory’s Enemies on the Left
Gracchus Babeuf
Fashion:
Convention v Directory Periods
Thermidorian Period
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Radical Period
Napoleon
• Married Josephine de
Beauharnais, a leader of society
• In two years he defeated the
Austrians, won control of most of
Italy, and made the Peace of
Campo Formio unilaterally!
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• Barras, head of state security, selected
Napoleon to defend the Convention against
attacks by royalists
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• Educated in a French military school
The Political Crisis of 1797: Summary
• Directory annulled the 3/1797 elections
and made peace with Austria
• France also annexed
Belgium and the
west bank of the
Rhine
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• Republicans worked a coup d’etat, with
Napoleon's help, the “Coup d’etat of
Fructidor”
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• French royalists won elections
•
•
3/1797- first free
election is held:
Royalists win many seats
and are gaining political
control
Republicans, regicides, and
Napoleon can not let
royalists get control
(Napoleon, for one, never
would have risen in “Old
Regime”)
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•
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Coup d’etat of Fructidor: Details
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• The Directory annuls the
elections of the spring to
keep the royalists out and
Directors violate their own
Constitution of the year III.
• Directory first purges 2
Directors: One, Lazare
Carnot, driven into exile, also
Bathelemy.
• To save the republic (they
said), they had to violate
their own constitution…
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Coup d’etat of Fructidor
(September 4, 1797):
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• Expansion continues:
• 10/1797- Treaty of
Campo Formio
• Austria recognizes
French annexation of
Belgium (former
Austrian Netherlands)
& Northern Italy
• Pope deposed and
Roman Republic
declared
• Only England is still at
war with France
• Napoleon’s aggression
is directed toward
Egypt
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Foreign Policy of Directory
Young Napoleon
WHY?
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WHO?
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Who had deserted the Directory
after 1797? Why?
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•
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After Fructidor constitutionalism is given
up
Directory becomes an ineffective
dictatorship
– They repudiate debts
– Guerrilla activity in Vendee flares up
– Religious schism becomes more acute as
Directory persecutes refractory clergy
Napoleon feints toward India with the
invasion of Egypt (indirect strike at British)
British fleet cuts off French army in Egypt
Napoleon abandons his army and returns to
Paris on his own.
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•
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The Coup d’Etat of 1799 Bonaparte
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• Directory is looking for
a general to keep a lid
on France
• Abbe Sieyes says
“confidence from below,
authority from above”
• Coup d’ etat of
Brumaire (11/9/1799)
• Napoleon is chosen as a
member of the
Consulate (3) and
becomes first Consul
11/1799
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The Coup d’Etat of 1799: Bonaparte
Steps to Brumaire…
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1797
1798
1799
COUP OF
BRUMAIRE
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