Transcript THE FRENCH REVOLUTION - AP EURO

THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
FOUR STAGES OF THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
THE MODERATE STAGE
(1789-1792)
THE RADICAL STAGE
(1792-1795)
THE REACTIONARY STAGE
1799)
THE NAPOLEONIC STAGE
(1799-1814)
(1795-
Underlying Causes
SOCIAL
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POLITICAL
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RELIGIOUS
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INTELLECTUAL
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TECNOLOGICAL
ECONOMIC
??
??
SOCIAL
French Estate System
SOCIAL - First Estate
Clergy  RCC leaders
130,000 total (0.5% of
population)
Own 10% of land
No mandatory tax
“Voluntary gift”
Taxed residents on
their land
Collected TITHE
SOCIAL – Second Estate
Nobility
400,000 total (1.5% of
population)
Own 25% of land
Taxed VERY minimally
Had “optional” taxes
Had manorial rights
Would tax residents on their
land
SOCIAL – Third Estate
EVERYONE ELSE
25 million total
(97% of population)
HEAVILY TAXED
3 Subgroups
BOURGEOISIE
Doctors, lawyers, etc.
WORKERS
Artisans, skilled laborers
PEASANTS
21 million people
SOCIAL – Third Estate
Problems in 3rd Estate
Bourgeoisie want:
Abolition to mercantilist restrictions
Fairer distribution of taxes
A GREATER VOICE IN GOVERNMENT
Peasants want:
Freedom from serfdom
Freedom from HIGH TAXES
Gabelle – salt tax
Taille – land tax
BOTH SEEK REVOLT
SOCIAL – Third Estate
Abbe Sieyes – 1789:
“Therefore, what is the Third
Estate? Everything; but an
everything shackled and
oppressed. What would it be
without the privileged order?
Everything; but an everything
free and flourishing.”
SOCIAL
Unpopular Court Nobility
Tension between bourgeoisie and
nobility
Resentment of noble privileges
Nobles resistant to taxes
Population increase - 20-26 million
18th century
POLITICAL
Bourbon monarchs
Louis XIV, XV, & XVI
BIG SPENDERS
Increasingly ineffective
DEBT
Rule by divine right
Lettres de Cachet –
individuals could be
sentence without trial
POLITICAL
Louis XVI (r. 1774-1791)
Indecisive – vacillation
Estates General
dismissed for 175 years
Nobles want to limit
power
Marie Antoinette – 1770
political marriage
Young, frivolous
RELIGIOUS
James Gillray
(1793)
“The Zenith of
French Glory –The
Pinnacle of Liberty,
Religion, Justice,
Loyalty, and all the
bugbears of
Unenlightened
Minds , Farewell!”
INTELLECTUAL
ENLIGHTENMENT
Montesquieu
Voltaire
Rousseau
Locke
Diderot
Printing Press
INTELLECTUAL
NEW INFLUENTIAL IDEAS
Liberty
Individual human rights
Freedom of speech, religion, press, etc.
Equality
Right to vote, run for office, participate in
government
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
Only applied to MEN
“Liberté, égalité, fraternité”
TECHNOLGICAL
PRINTING PRESS
GUILLOTINE
Commoners – Hanged
Aristocracy – beheaded
“SYMBOL OF EQUALITY”
Joseph Guillotin (17381814)
Antoine Lewis (1723 –
1792)
Used from 1791-1981
ECONOMIC
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
Wars of Louis XIV
Versailles
American Revolution
UNLIMITED PERSONAL EXPENSES
ALL = GREAT
ECONOMIC
INEFFECTIVE TAX SYSTEM
Dismissal of several finance ministers
Problems with Parlement of Paris
Continually refused to register new
taxes
$$$ of bread ↑
Caused by poor harvests, ↑ in
populations, and harsh winters
ECONOMIC CAUSE
Jacques Turgot (1727-1781) –
controller general of finances – cut
gov’t spending – 20 months after he
was appointed 1774 he was
dismissed
Jacques Necker (1732-1804) –
dismissed in 1781 and then recalled
in 1788
July 1788 – Louis XVI - to win
support for new taxes called into
session the Estates General
THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
The MODERATE
Stage
(Bourgeoisie)
ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
Called by Louis XVI to resolve the financial
crisis
– Meets May 5, 1789
– First Estates-General since 1614! (175 years)
– The three estates DO agree on some things
• Limiting royal absolutism
• Granting basic freedoms
– Voting system
• Each estate still only gets ONE VOTE
THE VOTE
300 reps
300 reps
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
3rd Estate declares itself the National
Assembly (June 17, 1789)
– Invites both 1st and 2nd Estate to join
– Louis orders them to disband (June 27, 1789)
– **Seen as first great act of French Rev**
THE TENNIS COURT OATH
June 20, 1789
Louis XVI locks the doors of
the meeting room –
Versailles
National Assembly moves to
an indoor tennis court
Vows not to disband until a
constitution is formed
LOUIS XVI
June 27, 1789 - Ordered the National
Assembly to Disband (STRONG)
Response “..We are here by the will of the
people, and that we will go only if we are
driven out by bayonets”
(WEAK) ordered the first two estates to
join the National Assembly
Moderate middle class and liberal nobility
in control – transfer of power
Louis – Swiss and German mercenaries
stationed - Paris & Versailles
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
Rumor = King was planning a military coup
against the National Assembly
Bastille
– French Royal Prison – 7 prisoners
• Was a symbol of the abuse of power
– Stormed on July 14, 1789
– People want … GUNPOWDER
– Is looted and destroyed by French people
– 18 died, 73 wounded, 7 guards killed
July 14th = French independence day
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
IMPACT
City now has an armed force
• Marquis de Lafayette becomes the commander
• TRICOLOR FLAG EMERGES
Power shifts from King  National Assembly
More uprisings followed
• Many landowners killed and their property
destroyed
LEADS TO THE “GREAT FEAR”
• Faced with great pressure, nobles concede a
plethora of privileges (no more feudal dues)
FLAG OF PARIS
LIBERTY
EQUALITY
BOURBON FLAG
FRATERNITY
THE GREAT FEAR
Time period where rumors spread
(summer of 1789)
Rumors included:
– King mounting a counterattack
– Nobles attempting to put down revolution
• Peasants ruthlessly killed nobles and destroyed
their estates
• They also burn any legal documents tying them to
the land
– Queen was hording grain at Versailles
LIMITING THE MONARCHY
National Assembly issues the Declaration
of the Rights of Man (Aug. 27, 1789)
– Called for basic human rights in France
• “Liberty, security, and prosperity”
• Ended feudal rights of nobles over peasants
• = to American Declaration of Independence
– Was mass produced and spread throughout
FRA and Europe
One question remains: HOW MUCH
POWER SHOULD THE KING HAVE?
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS
OF WOMEN
1791
Olympe de Gouges (17481793)
Written in response to the
Constitution of 1791
“Social contract between
men and women”
Rejected by the National
Assembly
WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES
After the fall of the Bastille, many nobles
fled Versailles and left the country
– Thus,  in demand for luxuries
– Women, who made these luxuries as a source
of income, now see dwindling profits
– Toppled with  in price of wheat, many
women and families began to go HUNGRY
October 5, 1789  7,000 women storm
Versailles (OCTOBER DAYS)
WOMEN’S MARCH ON VERSAILLES
Stormed the palace looking for … MARIE
ANTOINETTE
“We are going to cut off her head, tear out her
heart, fry her liver, and that won’t be the end
of it”
National Guard saves king, but he had to
agree to go live in Paris (Tuileries Palace)
– Abolishes French nobility as legal order
– Sets out to create a constitutional monarchy
• KING now a ceremonial figurehead
THE CIVIL CONSTITUION OF THE
CLERGY
The National Assembly confiscated land from
RCC
WHY?
TO FINANCE THE NEW GOV’T
ABOLISHED THE TITHE
The French government would now pay the
salary of the clergy
Bishops and priests elected by the people
Oath of allegiance? FRANCE or THE RCC
RCC branch of the STATE
THE KING’S FLIGHT
Amidst great fear and diminishing power,
Louis and family attempt to flee
June 20, 1791
– Louis is arrested in Varennes and sent back to
Paris (was only miles from the border)
– King abandoning people counterrevolutionary
Some argue that the King’s flight =
TREASON (JACOBINS)
PICTURE: Lynn Hunt
CONSTITUTION OF 1791
Completed September 3, 1791
Redefined French government
– Three branches
• National Assembly = Legislative Assembly
• Executive = King (only real power = VETO)
• Judicial
– ABOLISHED THE ESTATES SYSTEM
– Franchise = tax-paying males
constitutional monarchy
ROAD TO WAR
Leopold II and Frederick William II
Austria, Prussia  fear republics
Issue the Declaration of Pillnitz - August 1791
Brunswick Manifesto – July 1792
Intervene if French revolutionaries infringed on
Louis XVI’s rights and did not restore him to
power
French revolutionaries take this as threat,
and declare war on Austria (April 20, 1792)
PROBLEM = CIVIL WAR /FOREIGN WAR
THE FIRST COALITION
DUKE OF BRUNSWICK - “if the royal
family is harmed France will be leveled”
1792-1797
AUSTRIA
PRUSSIA
BRITIAN
SPAIN
PIEDMONT
SUCCESSES OF
THE MODERATE STAGE
Abolished special privileges
Declaration of Rights of Man and
Citizen
Reduce the power and influence of the
Roman Catholic Church, KING
Reformed local gov’t – 83 EQUAL
districts
Constitution of 1791
Picture – Lynn Hunt
THE FRENCH
REVOLUTION
The Radical Stage
SHIFT TOWARDS RADICALISM
Why did the revolution become more
radical after 1792? (MULTIPLE RESAONS)
Threat from foreign nations to restore the
monarchy
Counterrevolutionaries
Attempted escape of royal family
Bad ECONOMY
Rapid inflation
High $$$ of bread
more drastic measures need TO BE taken
Attitudes
& actions
of
monarchy
& court
Fear of
CounterRevolution
Religious
divisions
The Causes of
Instability in
France
1792 - 1795
Political
divisions
Economic
Crises
War
SLIDE CREATED BY SUE POJER
POLITICAL SPECTRUM
The Plain
1790s:
Montagnards
(swing votes)
(“The Mountain”)
Girondists
Monarchíen
Jacobins
SLIDE CREATED BY SUE POJER
(Royalists)
THE JACOBINS
Debating Society
(Former Monastery)
Robespierre, Danton,
Marat (Jacobins)
Instrumental in the
creation of THE FIRST
REPUBLIC
RADCIAL – “In order for
the revolution to live the
King must die” –
Robespierre
THE SAN-CULOTTES
“without kneebreeches”
Working class
Shopkeepers,
artisans, tradesman
Symbolic of
patriotism
Idealism of the
French Revolution
NATIONAL CONVENTION
Sept. 1792
New elections, new
constitution is formed, and
RADICALS take charge
Advocated for by sansculottes
Storm Tuileries Palace
– DEMAND UNIVERSAL
MANHOOD SUFFRAGE
NATIONAL CONVENTION
1st action = abolish the
King Sept. 22, 1792
Politically divided =
Jacobins, Mountain Men
Girondins, Royalists
YEAR I – FRENCH
REPUBLIC IS BORN
Should the King die?
VOTE – 387 to 334
CHILDREN OF MARIE
ANTOINETTE
Sophie – (1786-1787)
Marie Therese (1778- 1851)
Louis Joseph (1781-1789)
Louis Charles (1785-1795)
(LOUIS XVII) ***