Transcript Grammar-Translation Approach Direct Approach

Grammar-Translation Approach
Direct Approach
LECTURE 2
The Grammar-Translation Method
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Introduction
1.
The Grammar-Translation Method was called the Classical Method since it was first
used in the teaching of the classical languages, Latin and Greek (Chastian, 1988).
2.
This method was used for the purpose of helping students read and appreciate
foreign language literature.
3.
Through the study of the grammar of the target language, students would become
more familiar with the grammar of their native language and that this familiarity with
the grammar of their native language better.
4.
Finally, it was thought that foreign language learning would help students grow
intellectually.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oLearning a foreign language is to be able to read literature written in
it.
oLiterary language is superior to spoken language. If students can
translate from one language into another, they are considered
successful language learners.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe ability to communicate in the target language is not a goal of
foreign language instruction.
oThe primary skills to be developed are reading and writing. Little
attention is given to speaking and listening and almost none to
pronunciation.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe teacher is the authority in the classroom. It is very important
that students get the correct answer.
oLearning is facilitated through attention to similarities between the
target language and the native language.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oDeductive application of an explicit grammar rule is a useful
pedagogical technique.
oLanguage learning provides good mental exercise.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oStudents should be conscious of the grammatical rules of the target
language.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThere is little student initiation and little student-student interaction.
oThere are no principles of the method which relate to students’
feelings.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oVocabulary and grammar are emphasized. Reading and writing are
the primary skills that the students work on.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
The role of the students’ native language
oThe meaning of the target language is made clear by translating the
students’ native language. The language that is used in class is
mostly the students’ native language.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How is evaluation accomplished?
oWritten tests in which students are asked to translate from their
native language to the target language or vice versa are often used.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How does the teacher respond to
student errors?
oHaving the students get the correct answer is considered very
important.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
The Direct Method
oThe Direct Method has one very basic rule: No translation is allowed.
Meaning is to be conveyed directly in the target language through
the use of demonstration and visual aids.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe reading skill will be developed through practice with speaking.
Language is primarily speech. Culture consists of more than the fine
arts(e.g. the students study geography and cultural attitudes).
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oObjects (e.g. realia or pictures) present in the immediate classroom
environment should be used to help students understand the
meaning.
oThe native language should not be used in the classroom.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe teacher should demonstrate, not explain or translate. It is
desirable that students make a direct association between the target
language and meaning.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oStudents should learn to think in the target language as soon as
possible. Vocabulary is acquired more naturally if students use it in
full sentences rather than memorizing word lists.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe purpose of language learning is communication.
oPronunciation should be worked on right from the beginning of
language instruction.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oSelf-correction facilitates language learning.
oLessons should contain some conversational activity—some
opportunity for students to use language in real contexts. Students
should be encouraged to speak as much as possible.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oGrammar should be taught inductively. There may never be an
explicit grammar rule given.
oWriting is an important skill to be developed from the beginning of
language instruction.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Principles
oThe syllabus is based on situations or topics, not usually on linguistic
structures.
oLearning another language also involves learning how speakers of
that language live.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What are the goals of teachers who use the Direct
Method?
oTeachers who use the Direct Method intend that students learn
how to communicate in the target language. In order to do this
successfully, students should learn to think in the target language.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What is the role of teacher?
oAlthough the teacher directs the class activities, the student role is
less passive than in the Grammar-Translation Method. The teacher
and the students are more like partners in the teaching/learning
process.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What are some characteristics of the teaching/learning
process?
oTeachers believe students need to associate meaning and the target
language directly. Students speak in the target language a great deal
and communicate as if they were in real situations. The syllabus is
based upon situations or topics.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What is the nature of student-teacher
interaction?
oThe initiation of the interaction goes both ways, from teacher to
students and from student to teacher, although the latter is often
teacher-directed.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How are the feelings of the students
dealt with?
oThere are no principles of the methods which relate to this area.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How is language viewed?
oLanguage is primarily spoken, not written.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What areas of language are emphasized?
oVocabulary is emphasized over grammar.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
What is the role of the students’ native
language?
oStudents’ native language should not be used in the classroom.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How is evaluation accomplished?
oThe students might be interviewed orally by the teacher or might be
asked to write a paragraph about something they have studied.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
How does the teacher respond to
student errors?
oThe teacher, employing various techniques, tries to get students to
self-correct whenever possible.
INSTRUCTOR: EMAN AL HSAIYAN
Comparison
Grammar
Vocabulary
Teacher’s attitude
Student’s role
Skills to be improved
grammar
Direct Method
Grammar translation method
In the direct method the teacher
provides the knowledge in grammar
inductively through speak.
The GTM Is focuses on grammar rules
and their application.
Grammar is learned through rules
VOCABULARY
Direct Method
Grammar translation method
Vocabulary is learned through
practice every day.
Vocabulary is learned from the direct
translation of the L1. the students
learn vocabulary when they are
translating.
Teacher’s attitude
Direct Method
Grammar translation method
The role of the teachers is very
important, they ask to the students
constantly, encourage them to
participate in class and correct their
mistakes immediately.
The role of the teachers is not very
active because they just limit their
work to translate for the students.
STUDENT’S ROLE
Direct Method
Grammar translation method
The students are very actives, their
oral communication skills are
emphasized, they have to speak a lot.
The accuracy from the students is
expected and they have to practice by
translation.
Skills to be improved
Direct Method
Grammar translation method
Oral communications skills were built
up in a carefully grade
Primary skills to be improved:
Reading- writing.