Transcript Aging Europe, Aging Prisoners

Aging Europe, Aging Prisoners
Jim Hilborn
Baltic Institute for Crime Prevention
Aging Europe
Can Europe Afford to Grow Old?
Finance and Development
A quarterly magazine of the IMF
September 2006, Volume 43, Number 3
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2
010/12/index.htm
Can Europe Afford to Grow Old?
The population of the 25-member European Union (EU) in coming decades is set to become slightly smaller—
but much older—posing significant risks to potential economic growth and putting substantial upward
pressure on public spending. The region's old-age dependency ratio (the number of people 65 and over
relative to those between 15 and 64) is projected to double to 54 percent by 2050, meaning that the EU
will move from having four persons of working age for every elderly citizen to only two. In addition,
upward pressure on spending has fueled concerns that unsustainable public finances could jeopardize
the smooth functioning of the single currency, the euro.
Population aging in Europe is occurring because of the interaction of four demographic
developments. First, fertility rates in all EU countries are, and are projected to remain,
below the natural population replacement rate. Second, the recent decline in fertility rates
followed the postwar baby boom, and the impending retirement of these cohorts will lead
to a transitory increase (albeit lasting several decades) in the old-age dependency ratio.
Third, life expectancy at birth, having increased by eight years since 1960, is projected to
rise by a further six years for males and five years for females by 2050, with most gains
resulting from longer life spans. Fourth, large net migration inflows are projected up to
2050: although cumulating to close to 40 million people, they will not offset low fertility
and growing life expectancy.
Can Europe Afford to Grow Old?
Can Europe Afford to Grow Old?
Can Europe Afford to Grow Old?
Population in Crisis
Aging of Europe
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe
Aging in the EU
epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/.../KS-SF-10-026-EN.PDF
From Red to Grey. The “Third Transition” of Aging Populations
in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21
378474~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:258599,00.html
EU Incarceration
World Prison Brief
http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/
A lot of good information but Roy Walmsley could not give us information on the number of lifers or
of older prisoners in the different EU countries.
He did know the following for Estonia
Prison population total(including pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners)
3,436 at 13.9.2010 (Ministry of Justice)
Prison population rate(per 100,000 of national population) 256 based on an estimated national
population of 1.34 million at September 2010 (from Eurostat figures)
Pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners(percentage of prison population)
21.9%(13.9.2010)
Female prisoners(percentage of prison population) 5.5%(1.1.2010)
Europe - Prison Population Rates per 100,000
1
Russian Federation
577
3
Belarus
385
5
Latvia
314
6
Lithuania
260
7
Estonia
256
9
Poland
211
53
Finland
60
Europe - Occupancy rates
18 th place
Belarus
107.2%
28th place
Finland
98.2%
30th place
Estonia
97.2%
33th
Poland
94.9%
38th
Russian Federation
91.6%
42th
Lithuania
85.5%
51st
Latvia
70.4%
Worse Case Thesis
Aging Population x Mass Incarceration creates
massive social harm
Examples: United States, and to some degree
Japan
Japan-low rate of incarceration
Prison population rate(per 100,000 of national
population) 59 based on an estimated national
population of 127.5 million at end of 2009 (from
Japanese government statistics bureau figures)
Pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners(percentage
of prison population) 10.6%(mid-2009)
Female prisoners(percentage of prison population)
6.9%(31.12.2009)
Japan-Aging Prisoners
Japan-Aging Prison Population
USA-Mass Incarceration
USA Aging Prisoners
Aging Prisoners USA
Ronald H. Aday, Ph.D.
Department of Sociology
Middle Tennessee State University
Box 132, Murfreesboro, TN 37132
[email protected]
Aday, Ronald H. 2004. “Aging Prisoners: A New Frontier in Social Work,” in
Berkman (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Social Work and Aging. New York: Oxford
Univ. Press.
Types of Older Inmates
• New Elderly Offender – 1st incarcerated
after age 50
• Chronic Offenders – multiple recidivist or
career criminal
• Long-Termers – serving 20+ years;
sentenced before age 50
Criminal Activity
• Almost 500,000 persons ages 50+ arrested
each year
• 17% involved in serious felonies: murder,
sex offenses, drugs, robbery, aggravated
assault, burglary, larceny
Criminal Activity (cont)
• 42.6% convicted over age 55+ are for violent
crimes, compared to 28.5% for ages 45-54.
• Common convictions of older offenders are
for sexual crimes, homicide, aggravated
assault
Graying
of American Prisons
• Current estimate = 150,000 inmates over age 50 in
state/federal prisons.
• Lifers and long-termers (20+ yrs) make up 22.6%
of total state & federal prison population.
• 2/3 of older inmates incarcerated for less than 5
years. 1 in 4 behind bars for under a year.
Convergence of US Trends
• Increasing numbers of older adults in general
population
• Number of serious crimes committed by elderly
citizens
• Massive increase in prison beds
• Shift to punitive response to crime
• Curtailment of early release
Health Concerns of USA
Older Inmates
Physical Health Issues
• 1/2 ± of Older Inmates reports their health
as poor
• Prevalence of chronic health problems:
hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, cancer,
emphysema, kidney problems, heart
problems, sensory losses
Physical
Health Issues (cont)
• Older inmates report, on average, 3 chronic
illnesses.
• New inmates have unrealistic expectations
about prison health care.
• Functional health status of older inmates
can deteriorate quickly
Case of California
• In 2022, there will be at least 30,200
inmates 55 and older compared to 7,580
now
• 1 out of 6 are lifers
• 17% suffer from severe mental illness
Mental Health Issues
• Suffer from social losses and death of family
members
• Grief reaction to losses (physical health, life
without parole, etc.
• Anxiety disorders, emotional problems,
alcohol/drug abuse
• Older Inmates express need for greater privacy.
Mental Health Issues (cont)
• Suffer from loneliness, depression, and general
low morale
• Fear of dying in prison, unsafe living environment,
and possible victimization
• Estranged from families due to violent crimes
committed against family members
Mental Health Issues (cont)
• Violent offenders may experience guilt about
sexual offenses or homicide and often have
suicidal thoughts.
• Prison shock a frequent reaction to late life
imprisonment.
• Some Suffer from early stages of dementia and
personality rigidity
Mental Health Issues cont.
• Over half of females have suffered from
physical/sexual abuse
• Drug/Alcohol problems
• Poor self esteem
Special Needs of the
Older Offender
Responding to Aging Prisoner Special
Needs
• Counseling services and individual and group
therapy
• Lack adequate work skills to find employment
on outside
• Locating family/community members willing
to accept aging inmates
Special Needs (cont)
• Safety from predators and safe environment
• Medical/mental health counseling
• Accessibility to clinic and food services
• Special diets
Special Needs (cont)
• Discharge planning and community placement
orientation
• Need assistance with daily living activities
• Health promotion and wellness activities
Special Needs Cont.
• Less likely to maintain contacts with outside
world
• Many have outlived family members or
have disengaged
• Suffer from institutional dependence and
feel secure with prison setting.
Special Needs (cont)
• Appropriate housing and accessibility
• Recreational services and programs
• Accommodations for impaired, frail, and
handicapped
• Hospice/end of life services
Special Needs (cont.)
• Importance of work if health permits or jobs
available
• Prison pastimes (Recreation)
• Religious activities
• Prison friendships and supports
• Educational pursuits
Special Needs Cont.
• Specialized vs. mainstream
options
• Emergence of geriatric facilities
• Prison nursing homes
• Community alternatives
housing
Ronald Aday
Aday, Ronald H., with D. Deaton and A. Wahidin. 2009-2010. "The Effect of Health
and Penal Harm on Aging Female Prisoners' Views of Dying in
Prison." Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 60, 51-70.
Aday, Ronald H. 2006. "Managing Aging Prisoners in the United States," in A.
Wahidin & M. Cain (eds.), Aging, Crime and Society. Willan Publishing, UK, 210229.
Aday, Ronald H. 2006. “The Graying of American Prisons. Encyclopedia of Aging, 4/e.
Springer Publishing Company.
Aday, Ronald H. 2004. “Aging Prisoners: A New Frontier in Social Work,” in Berkman
(ed.), Oxford Handbook of Social Work and Aging. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
Aday, Ronald H. 2003. “Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections.” Westport:
Praeger.
Aday, Ronald H. 1997. "Golden Years Behind Bars: Programs, Policies and Facilities,"
in L. Froik (ed.), Aging and the Law. Temple University Press, 613-623.
.Aday, Ronald H. 1994. "Aging in Prison: A Case Study of New Elderly
Offenders," International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative
Criminology. 38, 1, 79-91.
Aday, Ronald H. 1988. “Crime and the Elderly: An Annotated Bibliography.” New
York: Greenwood Press.
•
.
Mental Health Older Prisoners UK
Prevalence of mental disorder in amongst older men
prison and the community. Our sample is
comparable in terms of age with that of the general
population of male prisoners in England and Wales
aged fifty years and over (PRT 2009b). Our findings,
too, are comparable with those of others. We found
that 48% of prisoners had some form of psychiatric
disorder, and that 42% had depression.
a_critical_analysis_of_the_mental_health_of_older_prisoners__full__final_august_2010.pdf
http://www.nicklemesurier.org/index.html
Key Tasks
• 1. We need to get the demographics. How
many aging prisoners are in the system. Are
there trends, have there been changes.
• 2. Once we know the basic data re population
then we need to get a representative sample.
• 3. We need to interview prison staff about the
needs of aging prisoners (Aday,2004), and
what is being done in the prison to respond.
How Old is Old
Older Offenders: Offenders who are 50 to 64 years of age. It covers such age
categories as 50 to 54, 55 to 59, and 60 to 64.
Elderly Offenders: Offenders who are 65 years of age and older.
Older Offenders: The term ‘older offenders’ is applied broadly to include both
old offenders (50-64) and elderly offenders (65+). Generally, this term
describes the various physical, social and biological changes that
individuals undergo with the passage of time that render them less viable
for activities requiring a great deal of physical strength.
Geriatric Offenders: Offenders who are 70 years of age and older.
Age range 50 to 80 in groups of 50-54, 55-59, 60-64. 65-69, 70-74, 75-80. 80+
Managing Older Offenders, Julius H. E. Uzoaba, Ph.D. , Correctional Service of
Canada, 1998
How to Measure Quality of Life
WHO HIPP
• http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/healthtopics/health-determinants/prisons-and-health/who-healthin-prisons-project-hipp
• Brenda van den Bergh
Technical Officer, Prisons Health
Phone:
+45 3917 1401
Fax: +45 3917 1818
Email: [email protected]