Transcript Fertilization

CHAPTER 18
The Preschool Child
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (3-5)
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Major tasks of preschool-age child
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Preparation to enter school
Development of a cooperative-type play
Control of body functions
Acceptance of separation
Increase in communication skills
Memory
Attention span
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ERICKSON’S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE
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Initiative vs Guilt
Questioning
 Exploring own body and environment
 Differentiation of sexes
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (CONT.)
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Piaget’s intuitive thought stage
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Occurs in the 4- to 7-year-old child
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Prelogical thinking
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Experience and logic are based on outside appearance
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Distinct characteristic is centering
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NOT TALKING: A CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION
WHEN PARENTS SAY
CLASSIFY THE
SYMPTOMS AS
“I’m the only one who understands what she
says.”
Articulation disorder
“She’ll do what I say, but when she wants
something, she just points.”
Expressive language
delay
“He can’t play ‘show me your nose,’ and the only
word he says is ‘mama’.”
Global language delay
“He never made those funny baby sounds or said
‘mama’ and ‘dada,’ and now he just repeats
everything I say.”
Language disorder
“He used to say things like ‘Joey go bye-bye,’ but
now he doesn’t talk at all.”
Language loss
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DEVELOPMENT OF PLAY
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Appealing to child’s magical thinking is best
approach to communicating with a preschooler
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SEXUAL CURIOSITY (CONT.)
 Preschool
children
are as matter-offact about sexual
investigation
 May
be displayed
in the form of
masturbation
Considered harmless if
the child is outgoing,
sociable, and not
preoccupied with the
activity
 Assure parents that this
behavior is normal
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THE 3-YEAR-OLD
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Play in loosely associated groups
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Highly imaginative play
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Begin to lose interest in mother and prestige of the
father begins
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Develop romantic attachment to parent of opposite
gender
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Identify themselves with parent of same gender
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THE 3-YEAR-OLD (CONT.)
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Become angry when someone tries to take their
possessions
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Resent being disturbed during play
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Are sensitive and feelings are easily hurt
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Has fear of bodily harm
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THE 4-YEAR-OLD
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More aggressive
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Eager to let others know they are superior
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Pick on playmates
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Boisterous, tattle on others
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Can tie their shoes
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THE 4-YEAR-OLD (CONT.)
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Vocabulary has increased to about 1500 words
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Many feats done for a purpose
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Begin to prefer playing with friends of same gender
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THE 4-YEAR-OLD (CONT.)
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Concept of death
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Begin to wonder about death and dying
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Realize others die, but do not relate death to
themselves
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Parents should encourage questions as they appear
and help the child accept the truth about death without
fear
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THE 5-YEAR-OLD (CONT.)
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Play games governed by rules
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Less fearful of environment
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Worries less profound
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May begin losing deciduous teeth
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DISCIPLINE AND LIMIT-SETTING
 Children
need
limits for their
behavior
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Timing the time-out
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Reward
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 Chooses
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1 minute per year of age, no
interaction or eye contact
during time
Don’t confuse with bribes
Encourage positive behavior
Consistency and modeling
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JEALOUSY
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Jealousy of a new sibling
strongest in children under
5 years
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May revert to behaviors
seen at an earlier age
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May be aggressive
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Children should feel
they are helping with
the care of their sibling
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THUMB-SUCKING
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The child who is trying to stop thumb-sucking is
given praise and encouragement
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May regress during periods of stress or fatigue
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ENURESIS (BEDWETTING)
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Primary
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Secondary
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The child has never been
dry
Bedwetting recurrence in a
child who has been dry for
a period of 1 year or more
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Organic causes
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Urinary tract infection
Diabetes mellitus
Seizures
Abnormalities of urinary
tract
Sleep disorders
More common in boys
than girls
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ENURESIS (BEDWETTING) (CONT.)
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Treatment and nursing care
 Pattern of wetting
 Amount of fluid taken between dinner and
bedtime
 Family history
 Stress
 Medications
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NURSERY SCHOOL
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Preschool programs
Structured activities
 Foster group cooperation
 The development of coping skills
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Child gains
Self-confidence
 Positive self-esteem
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DAILY CARE
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Need to bathe each day and shampoo hair at least
twice a week
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Clothing should be loose enough to prevent
restriction of movement, washable; sturdy and
supportive shoes
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ACCIDENT PREVENTION
 Accidents
are a major threat for 3- to 5-year-olds
 Car
safety
 Burns
 Poisoning
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VALUE OF PLAY
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Should be noncompetitive
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Helps the child adjust to an expanding world and
increased independence
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NURSING TIP
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Imaginary playmates are common and normal
during the preschool period.
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Serve many purposes
relief from loneliness
 mastery of feats
 “scapegoat”
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PLAY AND THE HANDICAPPED CHILD
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Mentally disabled child needs more stimulation
through play than the child who is not impaired
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Consider mental and not chronological age
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Play needs to be supervised due to poorer
judgment and potential for aggressive behavior
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Repetition of play experiences is necessary
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