Transcript Slide 1
American Stories THIRD EDITION By: Brands • Chapter 4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America 1680‒1763 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America, 1680‒1763 4.1 Tensions in the Backcountry What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontiers of English and Spanish settlement? 4.2 The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life? Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America, 1680‒1763 4.3 Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America? 4.4 Clash of Political Cultures Why were eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic? Experience of Empire: Eighteenth-Century America, 1680‒1763 4.5 Century of Imperial War Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain's wars against France? Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History 1. Great Britain’s Empire in North America: 1713‒1763 2. Scots-Irish Migration 3. The First Great Awakening 4. Seven Years’ War Home Constructing an Anglo-American Identity: The Journal of William Byrd • Eighteenth-century backcountry • Many cultures, independent families • Older Atlantic settlements • • • • Growing populations Many immigrants and slaves arrived Less isolated from one another Eighteenth-century colonists powerfully attracted to Great Britain Home Tensions in the Backcountry • Scots-Irish Flee English Oppression • Germans Search for a Better Life • Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground • Conquering New Spain’s Northern Frontier • Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands Home Tensions in the Backcountry • 1700–1750 - colonial population rose • From 250,000 to over 2 million • Backcountry • Inland area • Complex society • Spanish borderlands - multicultural • Southwest • California • Florida Tensions in the Backcountry Tensions in the Backcountry Scots-Irish Flee English Oppression • Origins of Scots-Irish • Lowland Scottish Presbyterians transported to northern Ireland • Emigrated to America • Concentrated - Pennsylvania frontier • Welcomed by colony’s proprietors, at first • Barrier between Indians and coastal communities • Quick to challenge authority Tensions in the Backcountry Germans Search for a Better Life • Germans – approximately 100,000 • Early migrants - small Protestant sects, similar to Quakers • Later waves - Lutherans • A third of Pennsylvania population by 1766 • Religious institutions important • Germans and Scots-Irish push south • Backcountry of Virginia and the Carolinas Tensions in the Backcountry Tensions in the Backcountry Native Americans Stake Out a Middle Ground • Many eastern Indians moved • Middle Ground - trans-Appalachian region • Escaped confrontations with Europeans • Relied on white traders • Traditions eroded by European contact • Earliest encounters controlled by Indian leaders • Middle ground – individual Indians bargained for themselves Tensions in the Backcountry • French and British conflict Conquering New Spain’s Northern Frontier • Spanish settle north of Rio Grande in late 1500s • Pueblo Indians resisted in New Mexico • St. Augustine, Florida - 1565 • 1769 – missions in California Tensions in the Backcountry Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands • Slow growth in Spanish borderlands • Mainly males: priests, soldiers, and administrators • Few European women • Influence on Native American culture • • • • Spanish exploited native labor Lowest social class Natives resisted conversion to Catholicism Retained Spanish culture Tensions in the Backcountry Discussion Questions • What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontier? • Why was the Spanish empire unable to control its northern frontier? Tensions in the Backcountry The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture • • • • American Enlightenment Benjamin Franklin Economic Transformation Birth of a Consumer Society Home The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture • Rapid change in eighteenth-century colonies • Growth of urban cosmopolitan culture • Aggressive participation in consumption The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture American Enlightenment • Intellectual thought swept Europe • Basic assumptions of the Enlightenment • American Enlightenment • Appeal was practical knowledge • Applied reason to social and political problems The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture Benjamin Franklin • Franklin regarded as Enlightenment thinker by Europeans • Started as printer, then satirist in Boston • Achieved wealth through printing business • Made important scientific discoveries and inventions • Promoted reason The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture Economic Tranformation • Early eighteenth-century growth • Population increased eightfold • Economic success • Mercantilist restrictions expanded • Benefited mother country • Not enforced The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture Birth of a Consumer Society • Consumer Revolution • English exports to colonies increased • Credit available • Intercoastal trade • Movement of goods between regions • Great Wagon Road • Change in American culture • Erosion of local and regional identities The Impact of European Ideas • Frequent contact on American Culture The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture Discussion Question • How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life? The Impact of European Ideas on American Culture Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies • The Great Awakening • Evangelical Religion Home Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies • Great Awakening • Spontaneous, evangelical revivals • People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, institutions, and society Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies The Great Awakening • Widespread movement • Americans looked backward with nostalgia • Varied times in different regions • Leaders • Sparked by Jonathan Edwards • George Whitefield • Audience • All walks of life Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies Evangelical Religion • Itinerant Preachers • • • • Followed Whitefield’s example Split established churches Established ministers were suspicious Gilbert Tennent • “New Lights” formed colleges • Cultural change • Active, questioning role • African Americans Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies Discussion Question • How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America? Religious Revivals in Provincial Societies Clash of Political Cultures • Governing the Colonies: The American Experience • Colonial Assemblies Home Clash of Political Cultures • Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions • Parliament – model for American assemblies • Unwritten constitution; English system of checks and balances • Study of British political theory and practice led to discovery of how different Americans were from English people Clash of Political Cultures Governing the Colonies: The American Experience • Erroneous belief that American governments modeled on England • Royal governors • Council • Colonial assemblies • Participation varied • When big issues at stake • Assemblies mostly gentry Clash of Political Cultures Colonial Assemblies • Aggressive colonial assemblies • Felt obligation to preserve colonial liberties • Assemblies controlled colony’s finances • Conflict with governors • No incentive for cooperation • Governors wanted patronage system • Shaped American culture • Weekly journal • Law Clash of Political Cultures Discussion Question • Why were the eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic? Clash of Political Cultures Century of Imperial War • • • • The French Threat King George’s War and Its Aftermath Seven Years’ War Perceptions of War Home Century of Imperial War • Britain’s conflicts with continental rivals like France spilled over to colonies • Security threats from these conflicts forced colonists into more military and political cooperation • British colonies overwhelmingly militarily superior to New France but ineffective Century of Imperial War The French Threat • France - limited New World military • French army of 100,000, but not sent abroad • Defense left to companies in fur trade • English colonists’ theoretical advantage • Larger population, but divided • English and French suspicious • English being encircled by French • English seizing French land Century of Imperial War Table 4.1 A Century of Conflict: Major Wars, 1689‒1763 Century of Imperial War King George’s War and Its Aftermath • King George’s War - 1743–1748 • In Europe - War of Austrian Succession • Victory over the French • French built Fort Duquesne • English population growing • Virginia advised to expel French • British army also unsuccessful • Albany Plan • Colonial unity Century of Imperial War Century of Imperial War Century of Imperial War What Did the Global Seven Years’ War Mean for North America? • How did other colonial claims in North America create instability for the thirteen British mainland colonies? • What made this eighteenth-century war a “world war”? • In what ways did the territorial results of the war impact British mainland colonies? Century of Imperial War Century of Imperial War Seven Years’ War • 1756 – Seven Years’ War began • England declared war on France • European warfare – France’s advantage • Shifted strategy to focus on North America • Peace of Paris 1763 - France lost • British got large piece of North America • Spanish added Louisiana to their empire • French kept Caribbean sugar islands Century of Imperial War Century of Imperial War Century of Imperial War Perceptions of War • Deep impression on American society • Colonists had to cooperate • Closer contact with Britain • British and Colonial views of each other • Created trained officer corps • British felt colonists ungrateful • Colonists saw themselves as “junior partners” to British Century of Imperial War Discussion Question • Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain’s wars against France? Century of Imperial War Conclusion: Rule Britannia? • 1763 - most Americans bound to Great Britain • • • • Culture and religion Lifestyle Politics and war Identity • British had different perception