Transcript Lecture 1 Title: MIS Concept and Definition

By: Mr Hashem Alaidaros
MIS 101
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Main points
 Definition of Computer
 Hardware components:
 CPU : Bit and bytes
 Storage
 Input and output device
 Communication Device
 Computer Categories
 Computer History
 Information Technology
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Computer
Computer: A programmable, electronic device that
accepts data, performs operations, presents the
results, and can store the data or results
Accepts data
Raw facts, figures,
and symbols
Processes data into
information
that is organized,
meaningful, and useful
Produces and stores results
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Computer Components
o Components
of Computers:
Hardware - The physical parts of a
computer. Can be internal (located inside
the system unit) or external (located
outside of the system unit)
2. Software - Programs or instructions used
to tell the computer hardware what to do
1.
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Hardware Components
1. Input—entering data into the computer
2. Processing—performing operations on the data
3. Output—presenting the results
4. Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future
use
5. Communication devices
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Hardware Components
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CPU
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The electronic
component that consists of digital circuits such
as transistors.
 It receives data from input devices (in digital
form) and process them and then sends the
results (in digital forms) to output devices.
• The number of CPU cycles per second determines the
speed of a CPU
o Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU
cycles per second
o Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU
cycles per second
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CPU
 CPU mainly has three parts:
 Control Unit: Controls and organizes the entry and exit
of data to/from storage units
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): it processes mathematical and
arithmetic operations
 Registrar: it stores the values that CPU needs to
operate.
 What is Hyper-threading technique?
 What is Turbo boost technique?
 What are Cache Memory: L1, L2, L3?
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Bit and Byte
 Data is defined as the symbols that represent things,
people, events and ideas
 Computers store data in digital format as a series of 1s
and 0s (known as binary code)
 Each 1 and 0 is called a bit (the smallest unit of
information that a computer can process)
 Eight bits is called a byte
 The term bit comes from “binary digit”
 Bytes are used to represent one character – a letter,
number, or punctuation mark
 For example, the letter H is represented in binary code
as 01001000
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 An exclamation point (!) is 001000001
Data Representation: How do computers
represent data digitally?
 Data representation makes it possible to convert letters,
sounds, and images into electrical signals that computer
can understand
 Digital electronics makes it possible for computer to
manipulate simple “on” and “off” signals to perform
complex tasks
 A computer’s circuits have
only two states: on and off
 A binary 1 represents “on”
 A binary 0 represents “off”
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Data Representation: How do computers
represent data digitally?
 ASCII
(American Standard Code for Information
Interchange) uses 8 bits for each character. Used in most
personal computers
 Unicode
 Picture: JPEG, GIF
 Audio: WAV, MP3
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Storage: RAM
• Random
access memory (RAM) - the
computer’s primary memory, in which data are
stored so that they can be accessed directly by
the CPU
• What are the differences between Read Only
Memory (ROM) and RAM?
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Storage: Hardisk
• Secondary storage (Hardisk) - consists of
equipment designed to store large volumes of
data for long-term storage
• Format: What is Physical and Logical format?
• File system: What is the difference between FAT
and NTFS?
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Storage: Hardisk
o Relationship: CPU -> RAM -> Hardisk
o Hibernate vs Sleep mode in Windows
o Megabyte (MB) - roughly 1 million bytes
o Gigabyte (GB) - roughly 1 billion bytes
o Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes
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Storage Unit
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Storage: Optical Medium
• Optical medium types include:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Compact disk-read-only memory (CD-ROM)
Compact disk-read-write (CD-RW) drive
CD-R
Digital video disk (DVD - ROM)
Digital video disk-read/write (DVD-RW)
DVD – R
Blue-Ray
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Input Devices
• Input device - equipment used to capture
information and commands
o
Examples
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Mice
Keyboard
Microphone
Bar code scanner
Digital camera
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Output Device
• Output device - equipment used to see, hear,
or otherwise accept the results of information
processing requests

It conveys information to one or more people
Examples:
o
o
o
Speaker
Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Laser printer
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Communication Devices
• Communication device - equipment used to
send information and receive it from one
location to another
• Occurs over:
o Cable
o Digital subscriber line
o Wifi
o Satellite
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Computer Category
• Mobile Computer: A smart phone that is Internet
•
•
•
•
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enabled and provide many features in communicating
with other uses.
Micro-Computer or Personal Computer (PC): Small
desktop or portable computer that most users use.
Game Console: is a device that is designed for singleplayer or multiplayer video games
Mini-Computer or Server: it has capabilities to serve
and control other computers over a network
Mainframe: It can support hundreds or thousands of
users with data processing operations.
Supercomputer: it is the most powerful computer and
used for complex computations and mathematics.
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Computer Category
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Computer History
 First - Generation Computers (approximately
1946 - 1957)
 The electronic digital computers, which were
introduced in 1950's
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ENIAC
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Was developed during World War II
UNIVAC

Released in 1951
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Computer History (cont’d)
 Second - Generation Computers (approximately
1958 - 1963)
 used transistors
A small device made of semiconductor
material
 Programming languages (FORTRAN and
COBOL) were developed and implemented
 Computers used by military, government and
big business

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Computer History (cont’d)
 Third - Generation Computers (approximately 1964 -
1970)
 Introduction of integrated circuits (ICs)

Also know as chips
 Keyboards and monitors were introduced for input and
output
 Magnetic disks were typically used for storage
 Cheap, fast and reliable
 Used by small business
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Computer History (cont’d)
 Fourth - Generation Computers (approximately
1971 - present)
 The invention of the microprocessor in 1971
 Contains the core processing capabilities of an entire computer
on one single chip
 Example: IBM PC and Apple Macintosh
 Input - keyboard and mouse
 Output – monitor and printer
 Storage – magnetic disks and optical disks
 The
development of computer network, wireless
technologies, and the internet
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Computer History (cont’d)
 Fifth - Generation Computers (now and the future)
 Will be based on artificial intelligence

Computers can learn, think and reasoning
 Voice recognition

Become primary means of input
 Optical computers

Process data using light instead of electrons
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Computer History (cont’d)
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Information Technology
 Information technology (IT) - any computer-based tool
that people use to work with information and support the
information and information-processing needs of an
organization
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Some examples of computer
applications in society:
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Education
Finance
Government
Healthcare
Science
Publishing
Travel
Manufacturing
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Computer Category
Embedded Computers: A special-purpose computer
that functions as a component in a larger product.
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