Transcript Birth control Hormonal methods

Boris Delić
Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat

several different hormonal methods, according
to:

1. the type of hormone
2. the amount of hormone
3. the way the hormone enters a woman's body

hormones can be estrogen and/or progesterone




the mode of delivery determines whether the
hormonal exposure is continuous or intermittent
do not protect against sexually transmitted
infections






97%-99% effective if used properly
available since 1960
more than 10 million American women
currently use birth-control pills
two types of birth-control pills available:
1. the combination pill
2. the minipill




contains the hormones estrogen and
progestin
the eggs in the ovaries do not mature and the
woman does not ovulate
the 21-pill pack has pills for 21 "on" days and
no pills for the seven "off" days that follow
the 28-pill pack has active pills for the first
21 "on" days and seven inactive (placebo)
ones





contains one hormone, progestin
thickens the cervical mucus, making it more
difficult for sperm to pass through the cervix
makes the lining of the uterus less receptive to the
implantation of a fertilized egg
recommended for women who have medical
reasons for which they must avoid taking estrogen
hormones
there are no "on" or "off" days with the minipill




taking it at varying times of the day can
significantly impair its effectiveness in
contraception
if a woman misses one pill, she should take it
as soon as she remembers
The pill may partially lose its effectiveness if a
woman vomits or has diarrhea
sedatives and some antibiotics such as
penicillin and tetracycline may reduce the
effectiveness of the pill




side effects: severe headache, leg cramps,
change in vision, pain, chest pain,
shortness of breath, coughing up blood, leg
swelling or pain
women who smoke and take the pill are at
increased risk of heart disease and stroke
contraindications: clotting tendencies, coronary
heart disease, stroke, breast lumps, vaginal
bleeding, breast cancer
benefits: regularize a woman's menstrual cycle
and reduce her menstrual flow and menstrual
cramps


protect against cancer of the ovary and uterus
as well as pelvic inflammatory disease and iron
deficiency anemia, reduce acne, the risk of an
ectopic pregnancy, noncancerous breast cysts
and ovarian cysts, arthritis and osteoporosis
the combination pill confers no long-term risk
of breast cancer


synthetic long-acting form of the hormone
progesterone
acts by preventing the release of the egg from
the ovary (ovulation) and by promoting thick
cervical mucus that impedes the sperm's
progress

effectiveness close to 100%

DMPA must be injected by a health-care
professional every three months


available both as intramuscular or subcutaneous
injections
after two years of use, 70% of
women will have
no menstrual bleeding
common side effects of DMPA injections are
irregular menstrual cycles, cessation of menstrual
periods, and weight gain
greatly reduces the risk of developing uterine
cancer




hormonal contraception through the skin,
known as transdermal delivery system
the patch is about the size of a half-dollar and
can be worn on the arm, abdomen, or buttocks
a woman wears the patch for a week and then
replaces it with a new patch
contains both estrogen and progesterone

suppresses ovulation and has the advantage of
improved compliance and convenience

associated with a greater risk of negative side
effects, such as blood-clotting problems
important to ensure that the patch makes good
contact with the skin
 some women may experience skin irritation at the
site of the patch



ring-shaped device that contains the
hormones estradiol and etonogetrel (a
progestin) placed in the vagina
remains in place for three weeks continuously
then removed for one week to allow for a
menstrual period


about 99% effective
incidence of side effects similar to those seen
with other hormonal contraceptive methods





provide contraception by the slow release of the
progestin etonogestrel over a period of three
years
a thin rod that is inserted in the upper arm under
local anesthesia
fertility rapidly returns after removal of the rod
generally well tolerated and effective in
preventing pregnancy
irregular bleeding a possible side effect