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http://www.oiotaggingproject.com Outline Significance Background Bonefish Hawaiian bonefishes Tagging program Future Research Significance The life cycle of bonefish (Abula spp) is not completely known Two species of bonefish are found in Hawaiian waters (Shaklee and Tamaru 1981) Significant differences between species feeding apparatuses and fishes live in sympatry Hawaiian bonefish have little economic importance No life history studies performed on Hawaiian bonefish Florida’s bonefish recreational fishery is worth over a billion dollars and most bonefish research has been conducted in the Atlantic Ocean (Ault 2005) Significance: A case of resource partitioning? Slightly overlapping habitats Externally indistinguishable Significantly different feeding apparatus • Albula glossodonta (roundjaw), regulated • Albula virgata (sharpjaw) Genetically distinct, diverged approximately 20 million years Morphological & perhaps ecological slow to diverge www.soest.hawaii.edu Outline Significance Background Bonefish Bonefish • Cosmopolitan species • Tropical & sub tropical waters • Sand and grass flats •Most species are morphologically indistinguishable •Highly prized as game and food A. vulpes A. nemoptera Outline Significance and Hypotheses Background Bonefish Hawaiian bonefishes Importance of Bonefish in Hawaiian Culture ‘Ō‘io – Hawaiian name for bonefish Important in ancient Hawaiian fish pond aquaculture Archeological surveys found 11% of fish remains were bonefish (Longenecker & Dye 2009) Often eaten raw mixed with limu (seaweed) or in fish cakes Fishing methods: nets, line fishing from canoe (w/ chum) (Titcomb 1972) Length-frequency distribution (FL - mm) for both Albula spp. (N = 978) Species A. glossodonta A. virgata Sample Size N = 772 N = 206 Mean FL 432.063 333.696 SD ±111.082 ±137.343 300 250 A. glossodonta 200 A. virgata 150 100 50 0 100-199 200-299 300-399 399-400 499-500 599-600 699-700 Hawaiian Bonefish Albula virgata “Sharp jaw” Albula glossodonta “Round jaw” Photo provided by Kurt Kawamoto Internal Differences A. glossodonta A. virgata oval elongate basibranchial tooth patch broadly oval elongate and nearly rectangular # of upper gill rakers 8 - 11 7 -11 # of lower gill rakers 10 - 13 10 - 12 # of lateral lines scales 69 - 78 63 -67 70 - 75 65 - 68 3.0 - 3.3 2.65 - 2.9 parashpenoid tooth patch virgata A. glossodonta A. virgata # vertebrae snout to upper jaw (cm) (Randall, J.E. 1981) Hawaiian Bonefish Today Landings (lbs x 1,000) 350 321,623 •1900 • Market data 300 250 200 150 86,457 100 44,823 50 3,344 9,822 •1950-2008 • Commercial Fishing Reports 5,175 0 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Commercial Bonefish Landings Hawaii 1900-2006 Subsistence Recreational Outline Significance Background Bonefish Hawaiian bonefishes Tagging program Tag and Release Program Volunteer Anglers 2003-2006 Tag-and-release program 50 anglers, primarily fly-fishers 2008 Tag-and-release program 3 month pilot program 32 anglers Recruited previous program’s anglers January 2011 315 anglers Recruited mixed gear fishing clubs Annual fishing & seafood festival Volunteers with State of Hawai‘i Ulua/papio tagging project Tag and Release Program Catch rates Growth rates Site fidelity Migration routes Encourage conservation by catch and release Results Volunteer Angler Biases Inaccurate measurement Missing information Varied experience Locations No. Tagged Total Effort Hours CPUE Caught East Shore 1 4 12 0.33 Ewa Beach 16 41 54.67 0.71 Kahana Bay 2 4 40 0.1 Kailua Bay 8 11 30.75 0.43 89 271 471.98 0.46 Kauai 6 5 N/A N/A Lanai 1 6 29 0.21 Malama Bay Maunalua Bay North East 444 1236 1947.2 0.72 148 349 577.33 0.84 6 13 48 0.31 North Shore 15 17 33.78 0.46 Waimanalo 14 40 63.17 0.81 West Shore 16 23 45.4 0.55 766 2020 3353.28 0.49 Kaneohe Bay Totals Fishing success by large locations for all tag reports June 2008 - August 2010. Major tagging locations for ‘ō‘io on Oahu 2003-2010 • 1,947 ‘ō‘io tagged May 2003 to August 2010 • 81% roundjaw, • 19% sharpjaw • 25 total recaptures (1.3%) • uneven coverage (Biases: Habitat, Fisheries) Movement patterns of bonefish from tag-recapture program • Average distance • 1.0 km 229 days •1 exception • recapture 78.9 km, off Molokai • Average time at-large 228 days 229 days 61 days • 290 days Molokai 49 miles 609 days • Maximum time at-large • 1,693 days ‘Ō’io Tagging Project Recaptures Tag Date Species Tag Location FL Recap. Date Recap. Location FL2 2/11/2005 Round Jaw Paiko Dr. 24.8 4/25/2009 Hawaii Kai 9.0 1534 3302 3/17/2005 Round Jaw Ala Moana 2/8/2009 28.0 1424 329? 8/28/2005 Round Jaw Kaneohe Bay 1/12/2009 28.0 1233 2685 7/18/2008 Round Jaw Aina Haina 20.5 6/4/2009 Ala Moana Kaneohe Bay South Aina Haina 20.5 322 4530 10/1/2008 Sharp Jaw Kaiser’s Pier 17.0 8/30/2009 Kaiser’s Pier 10.0 333 3620 10/15/2008 Sharp Jaw Kaiser’s Pier 12/10/2008 Kaiser’s Pier 9.5 57 3621 11/8/2008 Round Jaw Paiko Dr. Paiko Dr. 24.0 32 5647 1/12/2009 Round Jaw Keehi Lagoon 20.0 1/5/2010 Keehi Lagoon 24.0 358 5437 5/1/2009 Round Jaw Hickam AFB 26.5 6/6/2009 Hickam AFB 26.0 36 1748 5/1/2009 Round Jaw Hickam AFB 26.0 1/28/2010 Hickam AFB 24.5 272 1750 5/25/2009 Sharp Jaw Waiau HECO 12.0 2/11/2010 Waiau HECO 15.1 262 6599 7/3/2009 Round Jaw Sand Island 22.5 7/17/2009 Sand Island 22.5 14 3726 7/13/2009 Round Jaw Hawaii Kai 21.5 9/13/2009 Hawaii Kai 20.0 62 6305 12/27/2009 Round Jaw Hickam AFB 22.5 5/19/2010 Hickam AFB 21.0 143 8482 3/20/2010 Round Jaw Waiau HECO 19.8 4/15/2010 Pearl Harbor 19.5 26 7732 24.0 12/10/2008 Days at Tag Large No. Recaptured tagged bonefish with original tag reports from June 2008 - August 2010. ‘Ō’io Tagging Project Activities Oʻahu shoreline fishing tournaments Sponsor tagging categories Classroom demonstrations Hawaiʻi Seafood & Fishing Festival Ocean Expo/Ocean University Outline Significance Background Bonefish Hawaiian bonefishes Tagging program Future Research Future Research Provide species-specific biological information Age and growth rates Bulk and compound Open tagging project state wide Determine fishing effort & value of recreational fishery Education and outreach specific SIA Acoustic tagging Establish L50 http://www.oiotaggingproject.com Dave McCoy, Emerald Water Anglers