Transcript Industrialization - Stow-Munroe Falls City School District

INDUSTRIALIZATION
1850-1900
US had gone through some major changes by
late 1800s
-Indians Wars over
-Lumbermen changed the land
-US surpassed Europe
-RRs created & controlled wealth
The Technological
Revolution
A time of Powerful
change!!!
 Age of inventions
 Improvements in
people’s lives
BUT, an Age of Extremes:
-riches / poverty
-hope / despair
-farms / factories and big
business
Ch 14.1
Focus Question
 How did industrialization and new
technology affect the economy
and society?
 Why it Matters:
end of the Civil War marked the beginning of
a major transformation in American society,
turning the US into an industrial powerhouse.
Changing Times
1865
 agrarian society
 sun dictated daily life
-candles / oil lamps
 no refrigeration
 travel / communication –
SLOW!!
NY→St. Louis – 10 days
NY→frontier – months
1900
 agrarian → urban
 New inventions –
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1860-1890 -500,000 new
patents
change life - ↑standard
of living
↑industrial productivity
mass production
E →W coast in 8-10 days
Transcontinental RR
 Coast-to-Coast
 Lincoln/gov’t got
involved – loans
and land grants
 Central Pacific –
Sacramento →East
(Chinese)
 Union Pacific –
Omaha→West
(Irish)
Land Grants
The Golden Spike
 May 10, 1869
 At Promontory Point
 1. RR connection
Problems with the RRs
 Noisy
 Dirty
 Uncomfortable
 Unsafe
 Only community / local
scheduling
 No communication
system
RR Improvements
 Steel rails replace
iron
 Standardization of
track size
 ↑ safety
-new brakes
-telegraph system
-scheduling – new
time zones
How would RRs ↑ industry?
 ↓ shipping costs
 Get resources
 Open markets
 Business will grow a lot
Immigrants in 1800s
 Millions come to the
US from Europe and
Asia
 Enter US and move to
cities and to the West
Surge in Technology
Many new Inventions and Innovations
Invention/Idea
Change(s)
RR improvements
Telegraph
Telephone
Electric Light Bulb
Alternating Current
Bessemer Process
Inventor
One invention leads to another, what were some of
the new inventions?
At this time all conditions are
in place for a surge in
technology.
What 3 things must come together?
Must have . . .
 Leaders who have capital and ideas – the entrepreneurs
 Human resources
 Natural resources
Give examples.
The Growth of Big Business
Ch 14.2
Post Civil War years saw
huge industrial growth
What factors created
this?
 People with capital and
ideas
 Human resources
 Natural resources
Focus Question
 How did Big Business shape the
American economy in the late
1800s and early 1900s?
 Why it matters:
The rise of Big Business turned into the US
into one of the most economically powerful
countries in the world.
Industrialists establish large
businesses - are they . . .
Robber Barons?
or
Captains of
Industry?
What do the titles imply?
They are controversial figures!
Andrew Carnegie
 Steel industry
 Philanthropist
“It would be a great mistake
for the community to
shoot the millionaires, for
they are the bees that
make the most honey,
and contribute most to
the hive even after they
have gorged themselves
full.”
A.Carnegie
Social Darwinism
A Popular Idea
 Theory of Evolution – 1859 – Charles Darwin
- animals evolve by natural selection
- the fittest survive
 Applied to the struggle between workers and
employers
 What are the results?
Industrialists apply these
Ideas
 Gain the
competitive edge
to succeed:
- do whatever is
necessary –
doesn’t matter if
fair or unfair
- pay a little as
possible
- control the whole
process
Industrialists Methods
Horizontal
Consolidation
 Rockefeller Standard Oil
Company
 Purchases many
independent oil
refineries to make one
large company
- oil company
- oil company
- oil company
Vertical
Consolidation
 Carnegie Steel Company
 Owns all phases of
production:
-coke fields
-iron ore deposits
-steel mills
-ships
-RRs
And Economies of Scale:
What
happens to the price when you make more?
These beliefs and methods result
in:
 Monopolies
 Cartels
 Trusts
 Standard Oil
Trust
Congress
responds –
Sherman
Anti-Trust
Act
Effects on American SocietyCreates a business cycle
Industrial growth goes
unchecked by gov’t →
(→ means ‘leads to’)
 Too many goods to sell, → must ↓ prices, →
lay off workers, → cut wages, →
 1893 – expansion /growth ended, →
depression, → panic, → investors sell or go
bankrupt, → unemployment
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND WORKERS
14.3
In the 1800s, as industrialization increased, the
US economy relied heavily on workers for
success. Struggles between workers and
business owners also increased as workers
rebelled.
Against what??
Focus Question
 How did working conditions affect
workers and families?
 Why it matters:
Workers were exploited. This had profound
effects on the entire family.
Industry needs laborers – why??
 Work force grew quickly – 1860-1900
- 14 million came
- 8-9 million moved – rural to cities
 Who were they?
 Where were they coming from?
 Why were they coming?
push / pull factors
Working Families – why?
 Wages were low – need
all members working –
even mothers and
children
 No public assistance
Factory Work
 The work day -
12hr/6day
 Piecework
 Efficiency
 Work environment
 Clock
 Division of labor
 Labors part of
machine
 Strict discipline
 unsafe
Women
 Excluded from skilled
and hi-paying jobs
 Don’t get training
 No advancement
Children
 Mill & mining jobs
 No objection from
parents-wages needed
 Suitable for many jobs
 Long hours
 Unhealthy
environment for
growing children
 Factory schools and
boarding houses
Jakob Riis – immigrant,
photographer
The Great Strikes
 Extremes of wealth and
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poverty
Average worker earns
less than $100 a year
Factory owners led
extravagant lives
Wealthy do good workshowever, poor stay poor
and become poorer
What can they do?
Take complaints to
employers
Ch 14.4
Focus Question
 How did the rise of labor unions
shape relations among workers, big
business and gov’t?
 Why it matters:
the expanding economy relied heavily on
workers, struggles between workers and owners
intensified as workers rebelled against low pay
and unsafe work conditions
American Ideals – what are
they?
 individual liberty and
freedom
 private property
 free enterprise /
capitalist economic
system
Who enjoys these ideals?
How would you feel if you
didn’t?
Capitalism / Free Enterprise
 Economic system of
the US and Europe
 Trade and industry are
controlled by private
owners for profit
 Allows a great deal of
freedom and wealth
Socialism – a new idea in
Europe
 Karl Marx – 1848
-with F. Engels wrote . . .
 Communist Manifesto
- public control of property
and income
- cooperation not
cooperation
-end to free enterprise /
↓captitalism
 A threat to Amer. ideals:
WHY?
Workers Respond to Economic
Problems
 Some become
socialists
What does that
mean?
 Some organize
labor unions to
work within the
system, change
conditions
Early Unions
 Trade unions
 Helped workers in
bad times
 Expressed
workers concerns
 Nat’l Labor Union
– 1834 – became
ways to take
demands to
employers
Fill in the Chart
 Compare goals and policies of the major labor
organizations
- early unions
- Knights of Labor (K of L)
- American Federation of Labor (AFofL)
- Wobblies
 Summarize information about the major strikes:
causes, goals and outcomes
- Railroad
- Haymarket
- Homestead
- Pullman
Check you chart
Early Unions
Knights of Labor
1869-1890
 Local trade unions
 Terrence Powderly
 All crafts, city wide
 All workers – men/women;
 Help in bad times
skilled and unskilled;
African Amer
 Social reform – equal pay
for equal work, 8 hour day,
end child labor
 Did not like to strike
 Express demands
- short work day
-↑ wages
- better conditions
More unions . . .
Amer Fed of Labor-1886
Wobblies (IWW) - 1905
 Samuel Gompers
 Eugene V. Debs
 Skilled workers only; did
 Unskilled
not welcome women or
Afri Amer
 Wages, hours, conditions
 Used strikes and boycotts,
collective bargaining /
closed shop
 Many socialists among
workers
 Violent strikes
And, the Strikes
Railroad - 1877
Haymarket - 1886
 10% cut and double
 Demonstrate for 8 hr. day
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headers – unsafe, threat of
layoffs
Baltimore, Pittsburg,
Chicago and St. Louis
1.time Fed’l troops sent in,
shot and killed many
Fires set to RR property
Hayes sent in more troops,
set a precedent
 Fight between strikers and
scabs
 Protest rally, anarchists
present, bomb thrown, 7
officers killed
 8 arrested, 4 hanged,
heroes to many
More strikes . . .
Homestead - 1892
Pullman - 1894
 Carnegie Steel
 Layoffs /wage cuts in 1893
 Frick cut wages, workers
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called strike
Pinkertons called in, attack
strikers
Anarchists attempt attack
on Frick
↑ violence
Militia protect reopening
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during panic/depression
Pullman refused to bargain
Strike spread, interfered
with mail – Cleveland
called in Feds
Court order against unions
– set precedent
Limited union activity
The Strikes