Transcript Cities Without Suburbs

Cities Without Suburbs
Madeline Roche, Ben Sebers and
Nick Vorpagel
Outline
David Rusk
Cities Without Suburbs
Elasticity
Why Elasticity is Desirable
Characteristics of Elastic Cities
Conclusions
Discussion
David Rusk
Former Mayor of
Albuquerque (19771981) and New
Mexico State
Legislator (19751977).
Author and
consultant on urban
policy throughout
the US and abroad.
Image from Wisconsin Alliance of Cities website.
Cities Without Suburbs
First written in 1993,
intended primarily for
urban Mayors.
Has gained critical
acclaim, widespread
adoption in academia,
and thrust Rusk to the
forefront of urban
policy debate.
Most recently updated
in 2003.
Image from Barnes and Noble website.
Question Examined
Why do some cities, like Houston, grow
rapidly?
(360% population change from 1950-2000)
Image from City of Houston website.
Question Examined
While other cities, like Detroit, grow slowly?
(37% population change 1950-2000)
Image from www.city-data.com
Examining the Question
Studying cities from
1950-2000, Rusk
learned 26 lessons.
He learned that in
order for a city to grow,
the city must be
“elastic”.
Elasticity measures the
ability of a city to grow.
Images from www.learner.org
What is Elasticity?
Zero Elastic Cities
– New York
– Detroit
Low Elastic Cities
– Chicago
– Milwaukee
Medium Elastic Cities
– Des Moines
– Cedar Rapids
High Elastic Cities
– Kansas City
– Indianapolis
Hyper Elastic City
– Las Vegas
– Little Rock
Formula:
X+3y=Elasticity Score
Elastic cities have a
common set of
characteristics which Rusk
points out in his lessons.
For a number of reasons,
elastic cities are more
desirable than inelastic
cities.
Distribution of Cities
Characteristics of Elastic Cities
vs. Inelastic Cities
Elastic Cities:
– Newer cities
– Grow quickly
– Generate postindustrial jobs.
– Have a welleducated populace.
– Are integrated
racially, socially, and
economically.
Inelastic Cities:
– Older cities
– Grow slowly
– Are hard hit by the
loss of industrial jobs.
– Posses poor
education systems.
– Are highly segregated
racially, socially and
economically.
Age of Cities
Census When Population
Exceeded 100,000
Zero Elasticity
Low Elasticity
Medium Elasticity
1885
1913
1947
High Elasticity
Hyper Elasticity
1949
1954
Old city has an inventory of old, often decaying
neighborhoods that typically house the poor
Long established black or Hispanic population in an old
city may increase segregation due to social prejudices
Growth in Cities
Population
Percent Change
from 1950-2000
Percent Change in
Sq. Miles from
1950-2000
Zero Elasticity
Low Elasticity
Medium Elasticity
47%
94%
241%
1%
21%
193%
High Elasticity
Hyper Elasticity
185%
291%
342%
944%
Higher Elasticity areas have been able to
increase not only in population but also in size of
city
Post-industrial Job Creation
Manufacturing Jobs as
a percent of total jobs
(1969)
Percent Change in
Manufacturing Jobs
(1969-1999)
Zero Elasticity
24%
-40%
Low Elasticity
27%
-23%
Medium Elasticity
19%
28%
High Elasticity
21%
18%
Hyper Elasticity
15%
65%
Deindustrialization hit less elastic areas harder
Most old, smokestack industries that were driven
out due to international competition were mostly
located in Northeast or Industrial Midwest (the
more inelastic areas)
Race, Economy, and Social
Integration
Average Metro
Race
Segregation
Index (2000)
Average Metro
Economic
Segregation
Index (2000)
Elementary
School
Segregation
index for
Blacks (19902000)
Elementary
School
Segregation
index for Poor
(1990-2000)
Zero Elasticity
68
40
73
56
Low Elasticity
65
39
67
50
Medium
Elasticity
57
35
60
46
High Elasticity
55
34
57
43
Hyper
Elasticity
49
34
51
45
100=apartheid
Elastic v. Inelastic
Percent Change in Population
(1950-2000)
Percent Change is Sq. Miles
(1950-2000)
Metro Race Segregation Index
Percentage of income in central
city compared to Metro Area
Poverty Rate in City
Number of suburban governments
Percent change in number of
manufacturing jobs (1969-1999)
Total non-manufacturing job
growth (1969-1999)
Bond Rating
Percent of areas workers with a
bachelor’s degree
Madison, Wis.
Harrisburg, Pa.
152%
346%
46
95%
15%
59
86%
135%
Aaa
24.8%
58%
29%
71
57%
24.6%
129
-18%
96%
Baa2
14.4%
Structure of Elastic Cities
NON-UNIFIED GOVERNMENT
TOWNSHIP
FEDERAL
|
STATE
|
COUNTY
|
LARGE CITY
SMALL CITY
UNIFIED GOVERNMENT
FEDERAL
|
STATE
|
CONSOLIDATED GOVERNMENT
Elastic cities:
– Possess forms of
unified local
government.
– Receive favorable
treatment from state
and federal
government.
Unified Local Government
Elastic cities have “big box” institutions as
opposed to “little box” institutions.
Big boxes facilitate integration while little
boxes foster segregation.
City-county consolidation and annexation
of outlying areas allows a city to continue
to grow and capture economic growth.
Indianapolis – Unified City
Detroit – Non-Unified City
Favorable State and Federal Treatment
The City is dependent
on the state and federal
government to grow.
Elastic cities receive
favorable treatment.
– Liberal Annexation
Laws provided by
the state.
– Federal Aid money
invested in the
central city rather
than the suburbs.
Image from www.wisconsinhighways.org
State Annexation Laws
State Law
Municipal Annexation
Allowed
Property Owner Petition
City Ordinance Initiation
Mandatory Public Hearing
Majority Approval in
Annexing City
Majority Approval in
Annexed City
Approval of County
Number of States
South (16) West (13) Midwest (12) Northeast (9)
Total
16
12
12
4
44
12
10
9
3
34
12
9
10
1
32
10
8
7
2
27
8
2
4
0
14
11
3
3
2
19
1
6
4
0
11
Federal Programs Promote Sprawl
Federal Housing Authority and VA support
low-interest mortgages for single family
homes.
Federal Highway Administration spent
$874 Billion on highways, and only $147
Billion on Mass transit from 1956-2001.
Most sprawl-oriented infrastructure built in
2001 was financed 75-90% by the Federal
government.
How to build Elastic Cities
Improve
annexation laws.
Enact laws to
encourage citycounty
consolidation.
Promote regional
planning
authorities.
Policies Elastic Cities Pursue
Diminish racial and economic segregation
by pursuing mixed-income housing
strategies.
Implement regional land use and
transportation management schemes to
reinvest into the central city.
Establish metro-wide tax bases to help
equalize local revenues.
Questions about
Cities Without Suburbs
Will cities pursuing the Rusk strategy lose
jobs to cities not pursuing the Rusk
strategy?
Is metropolitan government possible in
places where municipalities span multiple
counties, states or even countries?
Is inclusionary zoning a practical strategy
to pursue on a large scale?