Transcript MEC3 - FRANCISCO YUZO NAKAJIMA

MEC3
LESSON 133
REVERSAL OF WORD ORDER

A reversal of word order may occur in a number
of situations, including cases in which certain
adverbs, adverbial expressions, and negative
conjunctions are placed at the beginning of a
sentence.
Rewrite these sentences:
1. You must never go to that bar in your life.
________________________________________
Never in your life must you go to that bar.
2. You should not miss one of your jiu jitsu
practice. (on no account)
________________________________________
On no account should you miss one of your jiu jitsu
practice.
3. Paul only recognized Sarah a few minutes later.
________________________________________
Only a few minutes later did Paul recognize Sarah.
•
•
•
•
•
In no case _________________
your mother’s
SHOULD YOU ACCEPT
money. (you should accept)
On no account __________________her
job.
SHOULD JOANNE QUIT
(Joanne should quit)
Never _________
HAVE I SEEN such an idiot person. (I have
seen)
Only after a very difficult and dangerous
operation ________________
walk again. (he
WILL HE BE ABLE TO
will be able to)
DO CCAA TEACHER LEAVE
Rarely ______________________the
house
on weekends. They have lots of exercises to
correct. (CCAA teachers leave)
NEWSPAPER HEADLINES




TO REPORT RECENT NEWS – use the
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE, not the PRESENT
PERFECT.
FUTURE OR PLANNED ARRANGEMENT – use
TO, not WILL, GOING TO, etc.
ARTICLES and AUXILIARY VERBS are omitted.
Verbs that are transitive can be used
intransitively.
Rewrite the sentences:
• Our President will sign a contract.
PRESIDENT TO SIGN CONTRACT.
• A bomb has exploded in a shopping mall and killed
five people.
BOMB EXPLODES IN SHOPPING MALL AND KILLED 5.
• The discovery of a new planet has shocked
everybody.
DISCOVERY OF NEW PLANET SHOCKS.
CAUSATIVE FORM

WON’T HAVE + SOMEONE + DO/DOING
means not to allow or accept that someone
do something.
I won´t have Jack smoke/smoking in
my bedroom.

WON’T HAVE + SOMETHING + DONE
means not to allow or accept that something be
done.
I won´t have my house turned into a
pigpen.

GET + SOMEONE + TO DO
often suggests a degree of PERSUATION.
I finally got all my students to speak only
English in class.
CAUSATIVE FORM - REVIEW
•
You will never get him __________________
you tomorrow
TO SUBSTITUTE
morning. He’s extremely busy. (to substitute)
•
I won’t have Sue ___________me
orders. (to give)
GIVE/GIVING
•
REPAIR/
Sorry, Sarah, but I won’t have your husband __________
REPAIRING
my DVD. I just don’t trust him. (to repair)
•
Are you absolutely sure you can have Kátia ______
HELP me with
my paper? That would be fantastic! (to help)
•
You can tell your friends to eat somewhere else. I won’t
have my house _____________
TURNED INTO a restaurant. (to turn into)
•
Jill finally got Phil __________
the roof. (to repair)
TO FIX
•
TO PAINT my house. (to paint)
I got Jack __________
FUTURE

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE indicates
that an action will be IN PROGRESS in a
certain period of time in the future.

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
emphasizes the duration of an event in the
future that will have already started before
another future event takes place or at a
specific point of time in the future.
•
WILL HAVE BEEN HELPING
By this time next week you _____________________
my friend Jessica for over a week. (help)
•
HAVE BEEN WORKING in this
By Christmas, I WILL
______________________
office for ten long years. (work)
•
BE WORKING. (work)
At this time tomorrow, he WILL
_____________
•
WILL BE HAVING
She ______________dinner
with her parents
tomorrow at seven. (have)
•
HAVE BEEN SLEEPING
By the time I get home, Martha WILL
__________________
for two hours. (sleep)
COULD HAVE/MIGHT HAVE
SHOULD HAVE/MUST HAVE

COULD HAVE/MIGHT HAVE can be used to refer to
an UNREALIZED PAST POSSIBILITY, that is,
something that was possible but DIDN´T HAPPEN.

SHOULD HAVE can be used to refer to an action
that was ADVISABLE but not done.

MUST HAVE denotes a HIGH DEGREE OF
PROBABILITY. In the negative, CAN’T HAVE is
used.
CHOOSE THE BEST CHOICE:
•
Jane, why didn’t you go to the party last night? You
__________ yourself a bit.
( ) could enjoy
( ) should enjoy
( x) could have enjoyed
( ) might enjoy
•
Dennis isn’t feeling well. I told him he___________ so
much chocolate.
( ) could have eaten
( ) should eat
( ) might not eat
(x) shouldn’t have eaten
• You _____ forgotten to buy the fish I asked you
this morning.
( ) mustn’t have
(x ) can’t have
( ) shouldn’t have
( ) wouldn’t have
• It’s 11 p.m. and Paul hasn’t arrived yet. He
_____ worked overtime again.
( x) must have
( ) can have
( ) could have
( ) should have
• Mr. Sardella ______ won the championship last
month if he hadn’t gotten hurt.
( ) should have
(x ) could have
( ) must have
( ) can have
•
You were lucky you didn’t fall. You ...... yourself.
(x ) could have killed
( )kill
( )could kill
( )ought to kill
•
John ..... himself doing such a dangerous thing.
Fortunately, nothing happened.
( )might hurt
( x)will have hurt
( )could hurt
•
( )might have hurt
Meg is terribly sick but she never follows the doctors’
orders. She ...... drinking last year.
( )could have quit
(x )should have quit
( )might have quit
( )must have quit
•
The lights went out. Jack ...... to pay the bill.
(x )must have forgotten
( )could forget
( )should have forgotten
( )must forget
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

It is used:
a)
In certain fixed expressions:
Heaven HELP us!
God SAVE the King.
Peace BE with you.
Heaven FORBID.



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b) In that-clauses, after verbs like suggest, insist,
request, require, ask, order, demand, beg and
other verbs of requesting, commanding, urging
or recommending.


My sister insisted that I take the present.
The doctor recommended that I stop eating
sweets.
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE

It is used to express an improbable event in
the present or future.

If I had the money, I would go to the Big
Apple.
IF + SIMPLE PAST + WOULD
PAST PERFECT SUBJUNTIVE

It is used t express an imaginary event in
the past.

If Susie hadn’t been so rude to Jonathan, he
would have helped her.
IF + PAST PERFECT + WOULD HAVE
WISH

The PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE is used
after wish to refer to a situation which
already took place in the past and which the
speaker is sorry about.

Edward wishes he hadn’t told his mother a
lie. Now he is grounded.


The PAST SUBJUNCTIVE is used after wish
when one wants to say that s/he would like
things to be different from what they really are at
the moment of his/her wish.
I wish I had the money to buy that car.
Don’t forget!

I WISH YOU WOULD (NOT) … can be used
as PLEASE.

I wish you wouldn’t raise such a racket. I
need to study.
WISH/SUBJUNCTIVE/VERBS
1. I suggest that he ___________
for the test.
STUDY
(study)
2. Heaven _________
us! (help)
HELP
WOULD BE POSTPONED
3. If it rained, the picnic ___________________
.
(postpone)
HAD ASKED me, I ________________her.
WOULD HAVE HELPED
4. If she _________
But she didn’t. (ask) (help)
5. I wish I _____
HAD time to study harder, but I don’t.
(have)
6. When Tony found out his wife had been
WERE
cheating on him, he wished he ____________
a
bachelor again. (be)
VERBS FOLLOWED BY
GERUND/INFINITIVE

There are certain verbs in English that can be followed by either
a gerund or an infinitive without any change in meaning.
TO BEGIN
TO START
TO CONTINUE
TO HATE
TO LOVE
TO PREFER
VERBS THAT THERE’S A CHANGE IN
MEANING.


STOP
He stopped smoking.
means

He doesn’t smoke
anymore.


STOP
He stopped to smoke.
means

He stopped what she was
doing in order to smoke.
TO REMEMBER

I can’t remember giving
you the keys.

I remember to call him.
means
means


I can’t remember the
fact that I gave you the
keys.
I don’t forget to call
him.
TO REGRET

I regret to inform you
that your car exploded.
means

I’m feeling sorry and
informing at the same
time.

Sue regrets having lent
him money.
means

Sue lent him some
money earlier and now,
she is sorry that she did
it because he never
paid her back.
TO TRY

You should try to
practice for the
Olympics harder.
means

Make an effort

You should try taking
this pill. You will feel
better.
means

to experiment
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND

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To avoid
To detest
To dislike
To adore
To appreciate
To enjoy
To finish
To suggest
1. Cathy took the doctor’s advice and stopped
__________
. (smoke)
SMOKING
2. You mean you forgot __________________
FEEDING (=fact)
the cat this morning? The poor animal must
be starving by now. (feed)
3. Try __________________to
bed earlier, Mom.
GOING (=experiment)
You’ll feel better. (go)
4. You’ve been trying _________________
the
TO FIX (=make an effort)
faucet for two hours, Kevin. Don’t you think we
should call a plumber now? (fix)
5. Frank adores ______
TAKING pictures. (take)
SPEAKING
6. Students should avoid ________Portuguese
in
class. (speak)
SO … THAT
SUCH (A/AN) … THAT

SO … THAT is used with ADJECTIVE or an
ADVERB.

He is so CLEVER that he always gets good
grades.

Frank types so QUICKLY that it takes him
just a few minutes to copy a long text.

SUCH (A/AN) … THAT is used with a noun or
with an adjective preceding a noun.

J.J. is such a RASCAL that everybody hates
him.

Aunt Ethel is such an ANNOYING PERSON that
we never invite her to our parties.
Let’s do it.
SO
THAT
• Let’s talk to Frank. He’s _______
intelligent _______
he will certainly find a solution to our problem.
SUCH
THAT
• Mike is ________
a nice person __________
Phoebe
fell in love with him.
SO
THAT
• I am _______
tired ________
I am going to sleep as
soon as I get home.
SO
THAT
• This exam is ______
difficult ________
many people
study hard before trying it.
•
THAT I never
SUCH a funny program ______
is _______
miss an episode.