Transcript Principles & Practice of Sport Management

Chapter 8
Collegiate Sports
Introduction to College Athletics
• Business aspect has grown immensely
– Budgeting, finding revenue sources, controlling
expense items, participating in development
activities, more paperwork
• Internationalization has grown tremendously through
participation of nonresident alien student-athletes
– New trend may be more global travel of college
teams, such as NCAA basketball exhibitions in
European and Asian cities
– NCAA clubs sponsoring coaches and teams from
other countries
History
• 1852: Crew race between Harvard and Yale was
first commercial intercollegiate athletic event in
United States.
– Sponsored by Boston, Concord, and
Montreal RR Co.
• Initial collegiate athletic contests that took place in
the 1800s were student-run events.
• As the pressure to win increased, students began
to realize they needed external help.
• 1864: William Wood, first “coach,” was hired by
the Yale crew team.
History (cont.)
• Dangerous nature of football pushed faculty
and administrators to get involved in
governing intercollegiate athletics.
– 1895: Big Ten Conference was formed to
create student eligibility rules.
– 1905: Intercollegiate Athletic Association of
the United States (IAAUS) was formed to
make football safer to play.
– 1912: IAAUS changed its name to National
Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
History (cont.)
• 1929 Carnegie Reports painted bleak picture of
intercollegiate athletics, identifying many
academic and recruiting abuses, payments to
student-athletes, and commercialization of
athletics.
• NCAA pressured to change to an organization that
would oversee academic standards for studentathletes, monitor recruiting activities of coaches
and administrators, and establish principles
governing amateurism.
History (cont.)
• 1989: Harris poll found that 78% of Americans
thought collegiate athletics were out of hand.
• 1989: Knight Commission formed, prompting
NCAA membership to pass numerous rules and
regulations regarding recruiting activities,
academic standards, and financial practices.
Women in College Athletics
• Initial intercollegiate sport competitions were run
by men for men
• 1896: First sport contest for women was a
basketball game: UC Berkeley vs. Stanford
– Predominant theme of women’s involvement in
athletics was participation.
• 1966: Creation of the Commission on
Intercollegiate Athletics for Women
• 1971: Became Association for Intercollegiate
Athletics for Women (AIAW)
AIAW
• Endorsed an alternative athletic model for women,
emphasizing educational needs of students
• Engaged in a power struggle with NCAA over
governance of women’s athletics
• 1981: NCAA membership voted to add
championships for women in Division I
• 1982: AIAW executive board voted to dissolve its
association
NCAA
• Voluntary association
– More than 1,200 institutions, conferences,
organizations, and individual members
• Goal to maintain athletics as part of education
program
• 1973: The current three-division system, Divisions I,
II, and III, was created to increase flexibility of the
NCAA in addressing needs and interests of schools of
varying size
• Two of the more prominent NCAA administrative
areas are legislation and governance and academics
• Enforcement oversees violations, imposes penalties
NCAA: Division I
• Supports philosophy of competitiveness,
generating revenue through athletics, and national
success
• FBS is for institutions that are somewhat larger
football-playing schools, which must maintain
certain attendance requirements
• FCS is for are football playing, but do not need to
mee attendance requirements
NCAA: Divisions II and III
• Division II: Awards athletic scholarships but on a
more modest basis than Division I
– Must sponsor at least 10 sports
– At least two team sports for each gender
• Division III: Does not allow athletic scholarships
– Emphasizes participation, placing primary
emphasis on regional in-season and conference
competition
NCAA Conferences
• Member conferences must have a minimum of six
institutions in a single division to be recognized as
a voting member conference
• Have their own compliance director and run
seminars regarding NCAA rules and regulations
• Run championships in sports sponsored by
member institutions in the conference
• May also provide a revenue-sharing program to
their member institutions
• Conference realignment: Current NCAA issue
Career Opportunities:
Coaches/Athletic Directors
• Division III: Coaches are usually part-time, or if
full-time have other athletic dept. responsibilities.
• Division I: Athletic departments usually employ a
large number of associate and assistant athletic
directors with specialized responsibilities.
– AD more like CEO
Career Opportunities:
Assistant/Associate Directors
• Responsibilities in specialized areas
– Business manager, media relations director,
ticket sales manager, director of marketing,
sport programs administrator, facilities and
events coordinator, academic affairs director
– Areas of growth (fund development, studentathlete services, compliance)
– Other important areas (senior women’s
administrator, faculty athletics representative)
Career Opportunities
NCAA
• National office, as well as other collegiate
associations such as the NJCAA and NAIA
NCAA Member Conferences
• Employment opportunities in compliance,
conference championships, marketing, and
sponsorship areas
Current Issues: Title IX/Gender
Equity
• How to comply with Title IX given institutional
financial limitations is a challenge
• Numerous institutions are choosing to eliminate
sport programs and funding for the
overrepresented sex (usually men’s teams)
• Increasing participation and funding opportunities
for female student-athletes is another method
• Roster management: Capping roster sizes for
men’s teams
Current Issues: Hiring Practices
of Minorities/Women
• 2008–2009: only about 4% of athletic directors
were black.
• 2008–2009: Women held 9.4% of Division I,
16.8% of Division II, and 27.5% of Division III
athletic director positions.
• Issue continues to demand attention in the hiring of
college athletic directors and coaches.
Current Issues: Academic
Reform
• In an attempt to increase the graduation rates of
student-athletes, Proposition 16 went into effect in
1996–1997: Student-athletes were required to
possess a minimum GPA in 13 core courses with a
corresponding SAT score along a sliding scale.
• New legislation, Bylaw 14.3, institutes a new
sliding scale (GPA/SAT combination) with more
core courses required.
Current Issues: Academic
Reform (cont.)
• Academic Progress Rate
calculated by a combination of
points per student and those on
the team.
• Team penalized if they are
below 925 total—predictor
score of a 50% graduation rate.
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Current Issues: Agents/Gambling
• USC Football punished in 2010 over payments by
agents to players
• NCAA’s 2008 gambling survey, 30% of male
student-athletes and 7% of female student-athletes
engaged in gambling or sport wagering activities
• Recommendations: Expanding education efforts,
proposed NCAA legislation, and suggestions for
state and federal legislation
Current Issues: New Technology
• 2000: NCAA developed new regulations
regarding email, instant messaging and
other communication methods regarding
recruiting
– Continually updated
• Internet has made it difficult to police
improper conduct
• Also has led to positive ways
– Marketing, selling tickets, etc.