Transcript INTRODUCTION - IPPC Serbia

This project is funded by the European Union
Projekat finansira Evropska Unija
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF SEVESO
DIRECTIVE AND SAFETY
REPORT REQUIREMENTS
Ike van der Putte
PhD Toxicology – EUROTOX registered
MSc Environmental Sciences
[email protected]
This Project is funded
by the European Union
Project implemented by Human
Dynamics Consortium
THE SEVESO DIRECTIVE
This Project is funded
by the European Union
Source: RPS/EC, DG Environment/ECENA
Project implemented by Human
Dynamics Consortium
PART I HISTORY AND
BACKGROUND
Flixborough (UK), 1974
Seveso (IT), 1976
Bhopal (India), 1984
Basel (Sandoz), Switzerland, 1986
Mexico City, Mexico, 1986
Aznallcollar (ES), 1998
Baia Mare (RO), 2000
Toulouse (FR), 2001
Texas City (USA), 2005
Buncefield (UK), 2006
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Seveso, Italy, 1976
-Manufacture of a bactericide
- runaway reaction
-emission of TCDD with dioxin
-no fatalities, 447 burns,
737 long term evacuations
Severe environmental damage
Lack of information, no proper
emergency plan
Flixborough Accident, 1974
Release of 40 tonnes of cyclohexane
massive vapour cloud explosion; 28
people killed (all on site). Basic cause
was management failure
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Bhopal UC plant, 1984
Pesticide (carbaryl) production.
Water entered a tank containing 42 tons of MIC.
The resulting exothermic reaction increased the
temperature inside the tank to over 200 °C
and raised the pressure. The tank vented
releasing toxic gases into the Atmosphere.
Estimates vary on the immediate death toll
(3000-15000)
Sandoz Warehouse on the Rhine, 1986
A major environmental disaster caused by a fire
and its subsequent extinguishing at an
agrochemical storehouse, which released
toxic agrochemicals into the air and resulted
in tons of pollutants entering the Rhine river.
The chemicals caused a massive mortality of
wildlife downstream,
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Aznallcollar dam break, 1998
a holding dam burst at the Los Frailes mine,
releasing 4–5 million cubic metres of mine
tailings. The acidic tailings with high levels
of heavy metals, reached the River
Guadiana, which is the main water source for
the Deanna National Park, one of the largest
national parks in Europe.
The cleanup operation: 3 years
Estimated cost of €240 million.
Baia Mare dam break, 2000
resulted in the river Danube becoming polluted.
Waste from gold mining ran into the river all the
way to the Black Sea and affected drinking water
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Enschede Firework Explosion, 2000
was the biggest accident seen in Europe in
decades. The fireworks factory was
based in the middle of the town.
It killed more than 20 and injured over
300 people.
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Toulouse accident, 2001
An explosion of 300 tons
of ammonium nitrate at a
fertilizer plant killed 29 people,
Texas City accident, 2005
A fire and explosion occurred at
in an isomerization unit at
the refinery killing 15 workers
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and injuring more than 170 others
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Buncefield accident, 2006
Evidence shows that the main explosion probably resulted from the
ignition of a vapour cloud emanating from Tank 912 in Bund A in
the Hertfordshire Oil Storage A large fire ensued that engulfed 21
of the tanks on site.
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DATABASE ON MAJOR
ACCIDENTS
(1984 - 2007)
• 603 accidents and near misses reported
• ~ 66% due to management failure
• ~10% caused environmental damage
• ~66 % caused injuries or fatalities
eMARS - Major Accident Reporting System Database of
"major accidents" reported under Seveso, OECD and UN-ECE
Managed by the Major Accident Hazards Bureau (MAHB)
http://emars.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
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DATABASE ON MAJOR
ACCIDENTS
LESSONS LEARNT
• Main cause - inadequate management
• Inadequate design and maintenance
• Inadequate decisions
• Inability to take decisions
• Cover-up of safety breaches and “Blame game” approach
• Lack of safety culture – “Macho culture”, “Do-it-fast”
• Inadequate assessment of the existing hazards and the associated
risks
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DATABASE ON MAJOR
ACCIDENTS
LESSONS LEARNT
• Main accident risks
• Abnormal Operations
• Maintenance operations
• Start-up or shutdown procedures
• Unforeseen weather conditions
• Loading/unloading operations
• Nightshifts
• Inadequate Design & Maintenance Decisions
• Bad Installations Design
• Inadequate Maintenance & Operation procedures
• Inadequate Design of Safety Equipment
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SEVESO DIRECTIVE –
DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO
MAJOR ACCIDENTS ...
1974: Flixborough, United Kingdom
1976: Seveso, Italy
1982: Original « Seveso Directive » adopted (82/501/EEC)
1984: Bhopal, India
1986: Basel, Switzerland
9 Dec 1996: « Seveso II Directive » adopted (96/82/EC)
3 Feb 1999: « Seveso II » must be applied in the Member
States of the European Union
30 Jan 2000: Baia Mare, Romania
15 May 2000: Enschede, Netherlands
21 Sep 2001: Toulouse, France
16 Dec 2003: Amendment 2003/105/EC
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Seveso I - Objectives
Prevention of major accident hazards of certain industrial
activities and isolated storage
Protection of the public and the environment
Provision of information to Authorities
Information to the public on risk
Collection of major-accident data
(No MAPP + SMS explicitly required; focus on info to CA)
Seveso II
Lessons learned from major-accidents and the
experience from Seveso I was incorporated into the
Seveso II Regulations
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Objectives of Seveso II
Control of Major-Accident Hazards (COMAH) involving
dangerous substances
Improved risk and accident management
Land-use planning controls
Catch all establishments with sufficient inventory
Lays down principles for safety management
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Objectives of Seveso II (Continued)
Revised Safety Report
Domino effects to be considered
Public access to information
Emergency plans to be revised and tested as necessary
Inspection of plants across the EU
Member states to provide information to the Commission
2003 – Amendment of Seveso II
Broader Scope – Tailing Ponds/explosives/ammonium nitrate
Extended requirements for Risk Assessment
2015 – Seveso III
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PRELIMINARY LIST OF SEVESO PLANTS SERBIA
IN TOTAL APPROX. 105 INSTALLATIONS
Lower tier
plants:
59 installations
Accident prevention
policy
Notification
Upper tier
plants: 46
installations
Safety report
Accidents protection
plan
Ref. Ljiljana Stanojevic 2012
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SEVESO PLANTS
IN REPUBLIC OF
SERBIA
Upper tier installations
Lower tier installations
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SEVESO Establishments in the EU
a
Total number of Seveso establishments in the whole EU
in the years 2009 to 2011 (Report from the Commission
Brussels, 28.6.2013 C(2013) 4035 final )
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Commission Report – SEVESO Establishments
(2009 – 2011)
Among the 49 activities used to categorize the Seveso establishments,
seven activities contribute to 50% of establishments:
– Fuel storage (including heating, retail sale, etc.);
– Wholesale and retail storage and distribution (excluding LPG);
– LPG storage;
– General chemicals manufacture;
– Production of basic organic chemicals;
– Power generation, supply and distribution;
– LPG production, bottling and bulk distribution.
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Number of reported Major Accidents
Commission Report 2009 - 20011
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Fatalities, injuries and type of major accidents
There is a general reducing trend in the number of fatalities and of injuries
reported over the last decade. The total number of fatalities went down
from 27 in 2000 to 9 in 2010. In particular there has been no fatality
off-site since 2006. The total number of injuries went down from 126 in
2000 to 23 in 2010.
Among the hazardous phenomena involved in the accidents reported in
eMARS, toxic release appears to be the most frequent, for every year
except 2002, 2003 and 2010, in which explosions and fires occurred
more frequently. The main substance categories involved are:
– Toxic: 91 major accidents;
– Extremely flammable: 80 major accidents;
– Very toxic: 53 major accidents.
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SEVESO III 2012/18/EU
First reading agreement on 27 March 2012
Adopted
4th July 2012
Published
24th July (OJ L 197/1)
Entry into force
13th August 2012
National transposition 31rd May 2015
Implementation
1st June 2015
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Seveso III
Main purpose – align scope to new international chemicals
classification (CLP Regulation transposing GHS classification)
Clarify/improve
Inspections
- Information to the public
- Public participation
- Access to justice
Main philosophy Seveso II remains
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Why do we need GHS?
Substance - oral toxicity LD50 = 257 mg/kg
GHS
Transport
EU
US
CAN
Australia
India
Japan
Malaysia
Thailand
New Zealand
China
Korea
Danger (Skull & Cross Bones)
liquid: slightly toxic; solid: not classified
Harmful (St Andrew’s Cross)
Toxic
Toxic
Harmful
Non-toxic
Toxic
Harmful
Harmful
Hazardous
Not Dangerous
Toxic
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PHILOSOPHY SEVESO
Emergency
Planning
Safe
Technology
Safe
Management
Demonstrate safety
in the Safety Report
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Land-Use
Planning
Information to the Public
INSPECTIONS
Accident Reporting and Lessons Learnt
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Inspections – Art 20
Inspection plan (National, Regional or Local)
covering all Seveso establishments, to include
• general safety assessment
• info on domino-effects
• info on particular external risks/hazards
• procedures for routine/non-routine inspections
• cooperation between inspection authorities
Based on this, competent authority to establish
programmes for routine inspections including
frequency of site visits
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Information – Art 14, Annex V
All establishments (also LT) - Annex V information
permanently available electronically (info to the public)
• dangerous substances
• appropriate behaviour in case of an accident
• last site visit (inspection) or electronic reference
indication where more info can be obtained upon request
UT - inform on main accident scenarios measures
UT - appropriate info from external emergency plans
UT - inform if establishment close to other Member State
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Article 14- Information to the Public:
active provision of information – not just on request!
For upper-tier establishments, Member States shall also
ensure that:
(a)all persons likely to be affected by a major accident receive
regularly and in the most appropriate form, without having
to request it, clear and intelligible information on safety
measures and requisite behaviour in the event of a major
accident;
Information shall include at least ANNEX V info and supplied to all
Buildings and areas of public use (schools, hospitals, neighbouring
Establishments)
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Public participation – Art 15
Article 15 – sets/refers to detailed procedural rules
in relation to participation in land use planning
• specific individual projects (rules set)
• general plans and programmes (reference to
Directive 2003/35/EC)
= inform public, duly take into account
comments and motivate final decision
Article 12(5) - public concerned must be given
early opportunity to give its opinion on external
emergency plans
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Access to justice - Art 23
Administrative AND judicial review of
acts/omissions in relation to requests for any
information held under the directive
At least judicial review of acts/omissions in relation
to cases of public participation on specific individual
projects
No access to justice in relation to public participation
on general plans and programmes/external
emergency plans, unless otherwise provided under
national law
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PART II
SCOPE OF THE DIRECTIVE
ALL ESTABLISHMENTS WHICH STORE
DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES ABOVE
SPECIFIC THRESHOLDS
Exclusions:
-Hazards from ionizing radiation
-Transport outside the establishment
-Landfills, quarries and mines
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-Military installations
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DEFINITIONS
A MAJOR ACCIDENT
is a major emission, fire or explosion*,
leading to serious danger to human health
and/or the environment, immediate or
delayed, inside or outside an
establishment, involving one or more
dangerous substances
*Resulting from uncontrolled developments in the course of operation of
the establishement
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DEFINITIONS
AN ESTABLISHMENT
is the whole area under the control of the
operator
AN INSTALLATION
is a technical unit within an establishment
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DEFINITIONS
HAZARD
is an intrinsic property of a dangerous
substance, with a potential for harm
RISK
Is the likelihood of a specific effect
occurring
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DEFINITIONS
DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES
Named Substances e.g. Sulphur trioxide
or
Substances with certain generic
hazardous properties e.g. Flammability
The Classification is done according the EU Directives on Classification,
Packaging and Labeling (67/548/EEC and 99/45/EC)
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Now new CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008
THRESHOLDS
Annex I
Two categories based on quantities stored
 Lower Tier
 Upper Tier
Upper Tier has more responsibilities
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REQUIREMENTS
LOWER TIER
General Obligations
Notification
Major Accident Prevention Policy
Modifications
Accident Reports
Cooperation with Authorities
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OBLIGATIONS
UPPER TIER
Lower Tier Obligations
and
Safety Report
Internal Emergency Plans
Information to Public
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GENERAL
OBLIGATIONS
OF AN OPERATOR
To take all measures necessary
to prevent major accidents and
to limit their consequences
The operator must be able to “demonstrate”
that the hazards are identified and all
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ROLE OF THE
COMPETENT
AUTHORITIES
Administrative, executive and enforcement responsibilities
Review of Documentation
Inspection
Prohibition of Activity if
 Serious deficiencies are present
 Documentation inadequate
Preparation and Testing of External Emergency Plans
Identification of possible Domino effects
Implementation of Land-use Policies
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DOMINO EFFECT
AN ACCIDENT ON ONE SEVESO SITE
COULD AFFECT NEIGHBORING SEVESO
SITES
Based on info (notification/SR) or requested by the
CA the operators must exchange information and
cooperate in the area of risk management,
emergency response and public information
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MAPP
MAJOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION
POLICY
Designed to guarantee a high level of protection for
Man and the Environment by appropriate Means,
Structures and Safety Management Systems
MAPP consists of
• Policy Statement
• Safety Management System
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MAPP
THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Organisation and Personnel
Identification and Evaluation of Hazards
Operational Control
Management of change
Emergency Planning
Performance Monitoring
Audit and Review
Lower Tier - MAPP is a separate document
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Upper Tier - MAPP is part of Safety Report
SAFETY REPORT
MUST CONTAIN
Major Accident Prevention Policy
Safety Management System
Identification of Hazards
Analysis and Assessment of Risk
Adequate Prevention/Limitation Measures
Internal Emergency Plans
Information for Land-use Planning
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Applies to Upper Tier Sites
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INTERNAL EMERGENCY PLAN
OBJECTIVES
Controlling incidents to minimise effects
Implementing protection measures
Communicating information to the Public
and the Authorities
Providing for clean-up and restoration of
the environment
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EXTERNAL
EMERGENCY PLAN
To be prepared by the Local or National
Designated Authority
The Operator must provide relevant information
requested by the Authority
Details of the Plan to be communicated by the
Authority to the Operator in order to ensure
Compatibility of Internal & External EP
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PUBLIC INFORMATION
Information must be made available to the
Public to include
 The Safety Report
 An explanation of site activities
 Nature and quantity of dangerous substances
 Nature of hazard posed
 How the population will be alerted to an accident
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Applies to Upper Tier Sites
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IF A MAJOR ACCIDENT OCCURS
The CA must be informed of
Circumstances of the accident
Dangerous substances involved
Data available for assessing the effects
of the accident
Emergency actions undertaken
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LEARNING FROM
EXPERIENCE
The Directive requires that Member States and
the Commission will exchange information and
experience such as
- Analysing the causes of accidents
- Lessons learned
- Measures necessary to prevent recurrence
Member States must report data on
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Union accidents to the Commission
major
Dynamics Consortium
IN SUMMARY
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SEVESO II DIRECTIVE AIM
Accidental ( Continuous) Risks
prevention of major accidents involving dangerous
substances
limitation of the consequences of accidents on man and
the environment
high level of protection
for man and the environment
throughout the European Union
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SEVESO DIRECTIVE –
SCOPE & MAIN OBLIGATIONS
Seveso does not apply
Excluded Sector?
(Article 4)
nuclear,
transport,
military
Lower than
lower tier
Yes
What is the quantity of
dangerous substances?
(Annex I)
No
Quantity above the lower threshold
•Notification
•Major Accident Prevention
Policy (MAPP)
•Domino Effects
•Land-use planning
•Inspection
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Quantity
above the
higher
threshold
Additionally:
•Safety report (including MAPP and Safety
Management System)
•Emergency plans (internal and external)
•Information to the public
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SEVESO DIRECTIVE –
SCOPE, METHODS
~ 4000 upper + ~ 4000 lower tier establishments storing
dangerous substances -EU
Mainly chemical and petrochemical industry, storage, big
industrial production and energy installations
Criteria: Hazard: Quantity of dangerous substances present
.. the Seveso II Directive contains no detailed procedures and
guidelines for risk assessment and management.
A variety of such procedures is currently in use, employing
different terminologies and underlying philosophies,
making cross-comparison of results difficult.
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SEVESO DIRECTIVE –
CONTROL MEASURES AIMED AT
PREVENTION
Upper and lower tier:
General obligations
Notification
Major Accident Prevention Policy
Domino Effects
Inspection by Competent Authorities
For upper tier only:
Safety Report
Safety Management System
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SEVESO DIRECTIVE –
CONTROL MEASURES AIMED AT
LIMITATION OF THE CONSEQUENCES
Upper and lower tier:
General obligations
Land-Use Planning
Information to the Public
For upper tier only:
Emergency Planning
More information to the Public on MAH
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2015 – Seveso III
As a result of the review process, on 21 December 2010 the
Commission adopted a proposal for a new Directive,
replacing the current SEVESO II Directive by 1 June 2015.
•
to align Annex I to the Directive to changes to the EU system of
classification of dangerous substances (CLP)
•
to include corrective mechanisms to adapt Annex I in the future
•
to strengthen the provisions relating to public access to safety
information, participation in decision-making and access to justice,
•
to introduce stricter standards for inspections of installations
to ensure the effective implementation and enforcement of safety rules.
•
Stricter Landuse planning requirements
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CORRELATION WITH
OTHER EU LEGISLATION
•CLP Directives
•Definition of Hazardous Substances & Preparations
•REACH
•Chemical Safety reports
•New Studies on Chemicals – New Classification possible
•GHS
•New Classification Rules – Downstream Effect
•Labour safety
•Complementary to each other
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CORRELATION WITH
OTHER EU LEGISLATION
IPPC Directive - Different scope
SEVESO SITES ONLY
IPPC SITES
SEVESO
SITES
Major Accidents
IPPC SITES ONLY
IPPC/SEVESO SITES
Minor and Major
Accidents
Minor Accidents/Spills
IPPC
Major Accidents
Seveso
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CORRELATION WITH
OTHER EU LEGISLATION
IPPC Directive
•Synergies
•Use of management systems
•Use of less hazardous materials at the site
•Reduction in the volume of hazardous material stored at the site
•Differences
•Seveso - protection of human health and environment from the negatife
effects of major accidents through prevention of major accidents using SMS
•IPPC - protecting environment and human health on a long term basis by
preventing and minimising pollution through use of BAT and EMS
•Potential Conflicts
•Safety over Environment ?
•Siting of establishments
•Technical measures
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CORRELATION WITH OTHER
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENT
AND CHEMICAL AGREEMENTS
•UNECE Convention
•Seveso II Directive based on some of the
Requirements of the Convention
•Safety Management System
•Emergency Plan
•Public Information and Participation
•Additional Requirements
•Notification to Parties
•Access to Justice for residents of affected Parties
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OTHER ACCIDENT
PREVENTION AND
CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES
•SAICM
•Goal – Chemical Safety throughout their Lifecycle
•Stipulates Safe Technologies
•Welcomes Public Information and Participation as well as International
Cooperation
•Provides Platform for Knowledge Transfer and Capacity Building
•IFCS
•Facilitation of international cooperation
•Promotion of national chemicals management
•Identification of gaps in scientific understanding
•Promotion of Information Exchange and Technical Cooperation,
•Advice to Governments on chemical safety
•OECD
•Extensive Programme on Chemical Safety
•Guiding Principles on several Topics
•Wide ranging Cooperation
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REFERENCES
1. Chemical Accidents (Seveso I, II and III) - Prevention, Preparedness
and Response
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seveso/
2. I.van der Putte. RENA- Working Group 4- ECENA
http://www.renanetwork.org
3. Report on the Application in the Member States of Directive 96/82/EC on
the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances for the
period 2009-2011 .Final REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION
Brussels, 28.6.2013 C(2013) 4035
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