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Global Citizenship with Civic Responsibility 2008. 10 Jun-Hyeok Kwak Korea University Department of Political Science Contents I. Introduction : Main Question – Global Citizenship w/o Civic Responsibility? : City, Citizen, and Citizenship II. Two traditions : Liberalism and Civic Republicanism : Neo-Roman Republicanism & Classical Republicanism III. Reciprocal Non-Domination : Classical Citizenship: Aristotle, Machiavelli, and Cicero : Possible Implications for YMCA: Conditions for Mutual Respect I. Introduction Question: Global Citizenship w/o Civic Responsibility? Universalism • Problems of Metaphysical Essentialism w/o Toleration • Universal Standards w/o Recognizing Differences in Cultures vs. Particularism • Non-Ethno Centric Deliberation vs. Cultural Relativism • Anti-Majoritarian Dilemma vs. Collapsing into Subjectivism: No Democracy Norms for Guidance in Democratic Deliberation? vs. • The Need for Rehabilitating Civic Trust: Increased Globalization Globalization & The Potential for Domination b/w Nations & b/w Citizens •The Need for Multicultural Coexistence: Living with “Otherness” Multicultural & Negative Rights w/o Positive Responsibilities Coexistence • Normative Claims w/o Political Actualization: Thinking Globally but Acting Locally (cf. Responding only to Dramatic Events) I. Introduction Answer: Reciprocal Non-Domination Universalism • Not Subjectivism but Skepticism based on Human Limitations vs. Particularism • Pre-Conditions for Deliberation across Cultures Democracy • Democratic Deliberation with Regulative Principle vs. Globalization • The Grounds for Transforming from Civic Trust to Global Trust Multicultural • From Nation to City: Actualization of Multicultural Coexistence Coexistence • Institutionalizing Global Citizenship with Civic Responsibility II. Two Traditions: liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism Liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism 1 Epistemological standpoint on human being 2 Liberalism Civic Republicanism Separated and Independent (Self: Security Problem) Naturally Interdependent (Polis: Well-Being Problem) Views of Political Life (a) Universalism (b) Subjectivism (a) Particularism (b) Objectivism Problems (a) Atomism (b) State Incapability (a) Negation of Self (b) Totalitarianism 3 II. Two Traditions: Liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism Liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism Liberalism Civic Republicanism Naturally Given Negative: Inviolable & Absolute Historically Articulated Positive: Sociopolitical Rights Goals of Political participation Instrumentality of Politics To Protect Individual Rights Teleology of Politics To Fulfill Natural Sociability Civic Responsibility Minimalist: Choice Mutual Respect as the Good Non-Intervention Maximalist: Deliberation Civic Virtue as the Prime Good Active Participation in Politics Human Rights II. Two Traditions: Liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism Liberalism vs. Civic Republicanism Liberalism Universalism or Essentialism - Neglect of Cultural Differences - Citizen w/o Contextual Grounds Beyond National Boundaries Global - Neglect of Locality Citizenship - Rational Procedures w/o Agon Global Citizenship based on the Universality of Individual Self (Cosmopolitan Idealist) Civic Republicanism Particularism or Relativism -Immersion in Cultural differences - Citizen w/o Autonomous Choices Within Community Boundaries - Neglect of Humanity - Irrationality w/o Check Global Citizenship in Conflict with Democratic Commonality (Civic Exclusivity) II. Two Traditions: Classical Republicanism Liberty: Conditions for Citizenship Negative 1 Liberty 2 Emphasis The Absence of Intervention Free action (Free Choice) Classical Positive The Absence of Domination The Exercise of Actual Function Free condition Self-Rule (Participation) (Capability to Function) II. Two Traditions: Classical Republicanism Non-domination: Beyond Negative and Positive Domination Interference Yes No Yes Bad under two Ideals Bad only under the noninterference ideal No Bad only under the non-domination ideal Good under two Ideals II. Two Traditions: Classical Republicanism Civic Republicanism vs. Neo-Roman Republicanism Human being & Society Participation Civic virtue Civic Republicanism Neo-Roman Republicanism Interdependent Interdependent Inevitability and Naturalness Rejects the inevitability of community formation Manifestation of Natural inclination Instrument for preserving freedom In order for the participation itself In order to have a political voice in community affairs Naturally perceived by community members Manifest, evident, and pre-political duty Shared good of individuals in a community Political artifact through deliberation III. Reciprocal Non-Domination Neo-Roman vs. Classical Republicanism Human being Participation Neo-Roman Republicanism Classical Republicanism Mutually interdependent Mutually interdependent Denial of the naturalness of human sociability Partial acknowledgement of the naturalness of human sociability An instrument for protecting liberty as non-domination An instrument for protecting liberty as non-domination A way of realizing individual’s selfish interest A way of actualizing self-love Instrumentality of political participation is emphasized Political participation as selfrealization rather than an instrument III. Reciprocal Non-Domination Citizenship as Political Friendship 1 Friendship Liberal Classical Civic Contract (Commercial) Partnership (Political) Solidarity (Pure Type) Free Choice (Mutual Respect) Free condition 2 Emphasis Commitment (Reciprocal Nondomination) (Mutual Obligation) III. Reciprocal Nondomination Global Citizenship with Civic Responsibility Individual level: Serious Citizen - Who approximates the best way of life for the regime - Political friendship as a civic cooperation based on reciprocal non-domination State level: Democratic Contestability - Liberty as non-domination is the first condition of civic responsibility - Promotion of liberty as non-domination requires democratic contestability as a suitable precondition International level: Civic decorum - Decorum is derived from the bases of everyday life and the affection toward fellow citizens who share those life grounds - It secures civic responsibility and plays the role of reducing the exclusivity of patriotism III. Reciprocal Nondomination Group Discussions: Implications for YMCA Caring & Honesty: Morality & Distant Needy Why Do We Have to Help Others in Distance? (A Possible Conflict b/w Domestic Needy and Distant Needy) Respect: Multicultural Coexistence What Extent to Which Foreigners’ Political Rights Must Be Guaranteed? (How to Provide them with Reciprocal Non-Domination?) Responsibility: Inheriting Responsibility Why do we have to hold ourselves responsible for the harms that our fellow citizens or our ancestors brought to others? (Comfort Women Case, Holocaust, and Massive Ethnic Genocide) III. Reciprocal Nondomination A Suggestion: YMCA with Global Citizenship Municipal Initiative Multicultural Coexistence Reciprocal Nondomination Community Based Development Strategy Nondominational Nationalism Civic Participation Encouragement Thank You Global Citizenship With Civic Responsibility 2008. 10 Jun-Hyeok Kwak Korea University Department of Political Science