Transcript Nanotechnology Electronics and Photonics

Congressional Nanotechnology Caucus
September 10, 2007
Nanotechnology
Electronics and Photonics
Walt Trybula, Ph.D.
IEEE Fellow & SPIE Fellow
Director
NANOMATERIALS APPLICATION CENTER
http://www.nanotxstate.org
Texas State University-San Marcos
Objective of Presentation
• Present an update on the status of nano technology
developments in Electronics and Photonics
• Provide a glimpse of the challenges of
implementing nano technology in these areas
• Highlight some advantages of implementing the
nano technology into products
• Indicate the importance of moving forward with
nano technology implementations
Format Employed for Examples
Topic:
A picture or description is employed
to indicate the device or structure
being described
Issues:
A short listing of some of the issues
that are inhibiting the application of
the specific example and will typically
include an indication of the sizes
involved
Potential Solutions:
This list contains actions that must be
continued/started to develop the
specific example to either a concept
feasibility state or a production
worthy state
Benefits:
This list indicates some of the
advantages of developing products
that will employ the device or
structure described
Semiconductor Conductivity
Issues:
• Line widths of less than 50nm
may have conductivity issues due
to grain boundaries and crystal
orientations
• Resultant impact on device
performance and yield
Potential Solutions:
• Revert to Aluminum conductors
with an associated loss in
properties
• Enhanced uniformity of copper
with lower actual conductivity
• Develop new processes and
equipment
Benefits:
• Improved performance
• Higher yields and lower costs
• Improved designs and
functionality
Transistor Evolution
Future: 15 years
Non-classical CMOS
source
Gate
drain
Issues:
• Sizes under 20nm
• Manufacturing capability
• Developing theoretical understanding
• Experimental data
• Radical change from experience
Beyond CMOS
Potential Solutions:
• Continued research and development
• Develop understanding of operational
characteristics
• Industry/academia involvement in
materials and functionality
evaluations
Benefits:
• Continue on with existing devices
• Extension of Moore’s Law
• Existing infrastructure continues to
support the industry
What is the Infrastructure?
• For Semiconductors – Lithography
–
–
–
–
Exposure tools (create images)
Mask (pattern for exposure tools)
Resist (Form images on wafer)
Metrology (measure/characterize images)
–
[each line above has a corresponding infrastructure]
Via
• Mask Infrastructure Example
–
–
–
–
Pattern Generator
Mask Substrate Material
Inspection Tools
Repair Tools
• Laser Repair
• Focused Ion Beam (FIB) Repair
• E-beam Repair
2 June 2003
Wire
The “nano”
region
Quantum Dot Transistors
Issues:
• Primary designs require extremely low
temperatures
• Possible room-temperature designs
would require 10nm features
• Material fabrication is not on silicon
Potential Solutions:
• New material solutions
• Improved III-V compound
semiconductors
Benefits:
• Reduce number of transistors per
circuit function
• New opportunities for innovative
designs
• Enhanced security
Gated quantum wire in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure 2DEG.
Prof. Gregory Spencer – Texas State University
Novel Memory
Issues:
•
Existing memory density
•
Spacings below 20nm
•
Interconnections
•
Failure mechanisms
•
Power requirements
Potential Solutions:
• Nanowire applications
• Innovative lithography below 32nm
• Self-assembly of interconnects
• Self-assembly of memory units
• Molecular storage
Picture courtesy of M. Meyyappan
Benefits:
• Increased density of storage
• Dense solid state memory
• Improved switching times
• Faster computing with greater
memory access
Molecular Electronics
Konstantin Likharev, The Industrial Physicist, June/July 2003, p.20
Changed Material Properties
Melting point of Gold
Potential Solutions:
• Quantify and classify the material
properties in the range between bulk
material properties and quantum
phenomena
• Establish an effort to develop a
database of material properties with
contributions from researchers
Issues:
• Material properties change as the size
of the material becomes smaller
• Majority of changes start to occur
between 20nm and 10nm
• Some material properties are known,
many are not
Benefits:
• Improve the time to develop nano
based devices, due to eliminating the
duplication of research efforts
• Creation of new products based on
applying novel nano properties
Example: Creating gold conductors on
material that melts below 500oC and
produces enhanced flexible devices
Nanowires
Issues:
• Research applications with
dimensions below 20nm
• Manufacturing processes rely on
fabrication in “forms”
• Large scale, ordered fabrication is not
available
Potential Solutions
• Development of new processes based
on ongoing research
• Additional efforts in related materials
• Improved processes/equipment
Benefits:
• Unique electrical and optical
properties
• Building units for devices
• Wire diameter change results in band
gap changes, which implies
customizable effects
Ray Solanki, Oregon Science and Health University, Feb.23, 2004 issue Applied Physics Letter
Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT)
Issues:
• Production of Single Walled CNTs yield
a mixture of types (dimensions to less
than 1nm)
• Metallic
• Semiconductive
• Separation of types is time consuming
Benefits:
• Novel electronic devices
• High temperature applications
• Improved microscopy
Potential Solutions
• Continue development efforts
Solar Cells (Organic)
Issues:
• Efficiencies
• Material development
• Manufacturing processes
Potential Solutions
• Development of organic plastics with
improved efficiency
• Development of adsorptive dyes
• Flexible conductors
• Enhanced property covering material
Benefits:
• Low cost energy
• Inexpensive to manufacture yielding
to wide spread applications
Credit: Nicole Cappello and the Georgia Institute of Technology
New Material Properties
Issues:
• Unanticipated properties are being
found in nano materials – Example:
•
•
Potential Solutions:
• Quantify and classify the material
properties in the range between bulk
material properties and quantum
phenomena
• Establish a program to employ
theoretical projections to verify
experimental data
Thirteen atoms of Silver have been
shown theoretically to be magnetic
Thirteen atoms of Platinum have
been experimentally shown to be
magnetic
Benefits:
• Improve the time to develop nano
based devices, due to eliminating the
duplication of research efforts
• Creation of new products based on
applying novel nano properties
Example: The creation of new memory
devices that are 100x more dense than
current technology
Silver properties reported May 30, 2006 in NanoTechWeb
Platinum experiments reported by University of Stuttgart
Metrology
Au dot structure
&
Nanowire Twinning
Potential Solutions:
• New solutions for metrology
• Enhancements to equipment
• New technologies
Aberration Corrected HR-TEM
Korgel Group Si Nanowire
Issues:
• Imaging realm is at limits of
resolution, in the 1nm range
• Time per image is long >one hour
• Effective imaging applications require
multiple images in minutes or less
Benefits:
• Improved resolution of material
properties
• Capability to employ in manufacturing
processes
• If one can not measure something, it
can not be manufactured
Metrology
Aberration Corrected TEM Imaging
Corrected
Not corrected
Issues:
• Imaging is slow and computations are
time consuming
• Unique structures can not be verified
• No validation results
• Dimensions extend to below 1nm
K & I in nanotube
Potential Solutions
• Development and execution of
validation plan
• Improved algorithms
• Improved equipment for rapid
imaging
Sloan, et al., MRS Bulletin, April 2004
Benefits:
• Improved understanding of materials
• Ability to identify unique nano
structures
• Ability to create and verify novel
materials
Photonics
Issues:
• Many developmental applications, no
outstanding “hit” in the public’s
awareness
• Much solid, but diverse research
without significant cross discipline
fertilization
Potential Solutions
Benefits:
• Continue/expand the research efforts, • Numerous application with
especially in health and energy
substantially enhanced performance in
• Encourage development of technology
health and military applications
to support national priorities
• Sensor technology connected to
electronics will provide improved
diagnostic capability
S. R. J. Brueck, University of New Mexico
Optical Transmission on a Chip
Issues:
• Devices are in early prototype stages
• Testing and evaluation of devices to
ensure reliability
• Integration with existing circuitry
Potential Solutions
• Commercialization development
• High performance applications
employing alternative materials
• Integration into wide spread use
based on reduced costs
Intel picture – April 2004 in DeviceForce.com
Benefits:
• High speed data communications
• Built in Self Test
• Projected 20Gps transfer rates
Why Employ Photonics?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Signals travel at the speed of light
Photons, unlike electrons have no weight and create no
resistance.
Focused light generated by lasers constitutes the highest
concentration of energy known on earth
A pulse of photons can be as short as one-millionth of a
billionth of a second, the dimension of time in which
molecular and atomic reactions take place
Light beams are well-suited not only to help us see, but
also to hold and manipulate atoms
As light acts virtually contact-free; it can be used as a tool
even under extreme conditions.
Consolidated European Photonics Research Initiative
Photonics for the 21st Century
Photonics – European Projections
Estimation for 2003:
Prediction for 2010:
•
•
•
•
•
500,000 jobs in the EU
€60 billon worth of
products
15,000 patents
Focus on:
• Information storage
• Bandwidth increases
• Energy saving applications
• Optical applications in
health
•
1.5 million jobs in the EU
€250 billion worth of
products
45,000 patents
Cell Evaluation
Consolidated European Photonics Research Initiative
Photonics for the 21st Century
Early Entry is Required
• Being late means losing leading edge capabilities
• Catching up requires investing in the old technology
and the new technology simultaneously
– Requires very deep governmental funding
– Requires trained workforce.
• Being “leading edge” means always being in the
race to improve both people and equipment
• Significant benefits come to the early successful
entries
• High value jobs are part of the reward of being
successful in developing the emerging technology
Development Interdependency
The U.S. must possess every element of the “nano”
manufacturing infrastructure
Semiconductor Failure Example:
248nm Exposure Tool
– Ready for production in 1991
– Only reached production in 1995
• Why was there a 4 year delay?
– Resists were not production worthy
– Resulting in insufficient experience
– Resulting in lack of willingness to take risks
To be successful with technology introduction, the complete
infrastructure must be ready at the beginning
2 June 2003 Presentation : Business and Economics of Nano
Research Challenges
Nano technology brings on new challenges
• Existing tools for investigations at the atomic level
are expensive to acquire and maintain
• New research tools need to be developed to
explore the nano realm
• Specialized facilities are required to maintain the
cleanliness need for nano technology
• A new infrastructure might be required for the
equipment yet-to-be-developed
Education Challenges
Nano technology requires education and training in
multiple fields for successful collaboration
• Combinations of chemistry, physics, engineering,
biology, computer science, and many related
disciplines are needed to fully understand the
development of nano technology
• The development of the nano technology industry
will require well educated technicians
• Scientific education needs to begin early in the
learning process
Summary
• There are many opportunities to incorporate nano
technologies into innovative products
• Fundamental research is required to understand the
potential applications of the properties of nano
materials
• Future high tech products will incorporate the
advantages of nano-materials
• From the national interests, it is important for
researchers to continue to push the understanding
of nano technology
Conclusions
• The U.S. has the technical capability and is evolving
nano-technology into a business environment
• Building from S/C1 provides ability to coordinate
industry, university, and infrastructure roles in
developing “nano” in more than electronics
• Tools and facilities for nano are expensive
• Nano-technology requires being on the leading edge
of developments including equipment
• Infrastructure development must be sustained
• Continual evaluation of “weak” links is required
1S/C
= semiconductor
Texas State University-San
Marcos is a premier, studentcentered public university offering
baccalaureate, masters and
doctoral degrees to students on a
traditional residential campus.
Founded: 1899 as SWT State
Normal School
President: Dr. Denise M. Trauth
Campus area: 427 acres in main
campus (including 4,322 acres of
farm, ranch & recreational areas)
ABOUT
TEXAS STATE
110 Undergraduate majors
(7 academic colleges)
84 Masters programs
6 PhD programs
EE Program (Fall ’07)
MSE Ph.D. Program (‘09)
•
•
•
•
•
Total student enrollment
(27,503)
Undergraduate (23,022)
Hispanic/ Latino (5,025)
(21%)
1110 Faculty
93% teach on the
undergraduate level.
http://www.txstate.edu
Fall 2007
NANOMATERIALS
APPLICATION CENTER
MISSION: The NANOMATERIALS APPLICATION CENTER at
Texas State University-San Marcos coordinates,
facilitates, disseminates information, and
expedites nanoscience and nanoengineering
developments to expedite the commercialization
of innovation.
GOAL: Accelerate the development of high
technology and the dissemination of these
developments in order to expedite
commercialization.
NANO-SAFETY
The NANOMATERIALS APPLICATION CENTER is addressing
four key areas for developing a NANO-SAFETY
collaborative effort that identifies the nanomaterial
properties, the effect on humans and the
environment, the means of handling the materials
correctly, and the procedures that must be in place
to minimize risk in applications. Discussions have
been initiated with numerous organizations in order
to address this critical issue.
Contact Information
Walt Trybula, Ph.D.
IEEE Fellow & SPIE Fellow
[email protected]
Director
Nanomaterials Application Center
Texas State University-San Marcos
[email protected]
+1.512.245.6062
Director
The Trybula Foundation, Inc.
[email protected]
+1.512.695.4026