Transcript Democratic Challenges in African Nations

Democratic
Challenges in
African Nations
CH 19.2
CST 10.1,2,3
1960s Cultural Policies in
Africa
In drawing up colonial boundaries, the colonial powers ignored ethnic
and cultural divisions.
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ Lack of national identity
◦ Continuing ethnic and cultural rivalries
◦ Civil wars
Economic Policies in Africa
The colonial powers developed plantations and mines but few factories
in Africa.
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ Unbalanced economies
◦ Small middle classes
◦ Few products for local consumers
Social Policies-Education
The colonial powers did little to educate the majority of Africans
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ A lack of skilled and literate work force for industry and government
Nigeria
1960 Nigeria becomes independent
Established a federal system (power is shared between states and a
central gov’t.)
States were based on 3 ethnic groups.
Three Main Ethnic Groups in Nigeria
Hausa-Fulani: Largest group, live in the northern part, Muslim
Yoruba-Live in the western part, mostly farmers, kings ,Muslim
Christian/Animists
Igbo (Ibo) Live in the south, mostly farmers, democratic traditions,
Muslim/Christian/Animists
NIGERIA
1963-1970 Civil War,
1970-1979 Military Rule with martial law
(temporary military rule)
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ Destruction of the Igbo region
◦ In 1967 Biafra is created, when Igbo flee to the east and
secede from Nigeria
◦ In 1970, Biafra surrenders and more than a million Igbo
starve to death.
◦ Military rule establishes a more stable government
NIGERIA
1979-1983 Democratic rule
1983 the military overthrow Nigeria’s civilian government
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ The end of democracy
◦ Hausa-Fulani discriminate against other ethnic groups
1999 Free Elections held
Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yuroba, was elected the first civilian president
He was re-elected in 2003
Nigeria still has many problems: war, violence, corruption, poverty, and
hunger.
Does have economic growth because of its oil exports.
Olusegun Obasanjo
President of Nigeria :Umaru Yar’Adua,
2007- Died May 5, 2010
President Goodluck Jonathan
South Africa
South Africa
1910 gained self-rule as a dominion of the British Empire
1931 became an independent member of the British Commonwealth
Established a constitution that gave whites power and denied the black
majority rights.
1948 The National Party gains power in
South Africa
CONSEQUENCES:
It promotes the Afrikaner (Dutch, white)
nationalism
Establishes apartheid policy (the policy of complete
separation of the races)
Segregated schools, hospitals, neighborhoods.
Banned all social contact between whites and
blacks.
1959
Minority (white) gov’t. sets up reserves, called homelands, for major
black groups in So. Africa
Blacks make up 75% of the population, homelands are 13% of the land.
African National Congress (ANC)
Blacks formed this group in 1912 to fight for black African rights in
South Africa.
ANC is banned by the government
Nelson Mandela is imprisoned for 27 years as a dissident (an opponent
of gov’t policy)
1976
Riots break out in the black township of Soweto
CONSEQUENCES:
◦ Government represses protesters
◦ Protests mount, violence mounts
◦ By 1986, int’l protests led to So. African government declaring a state of
emergency
1980’s
Black So. Afr. Bishop Desmond Tutu launches an economic
campaign against apartheid.
He asks nations around the world to stop trading with South
Africa.
Archbishop Desmond Tutu wins the 1984
Nobel Peace Prize
1989
South Africans elect F. W. de Klerk president
CONSEQUENCES
◦ He legalizes the ANC
◦ Releases Nelson Mandela from prison
◦ 18 months after his election, apartheid is repealed
1994
President de Klerk agrees to hold universal elections, people of all races
can vote
CONSEQUENCE:
◦ A VICTORY FOR ANC
◦ Nelson Mandela is elected President, the first black president of South
Africa.
1996
A new Constitution including a Bill of Rights modeled after the U.S. Bill
of Rights
Greater hope for democracy
1999- Thabo Mbeki elected president
South Africa still facing major problems (read p.611)
De Klerk
Mandela
New President of South Africa
Jacob Zuma
FIFA World Cup June 11-July 11, 2010