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ETA
Nov. 12, 2010
Reading Deficiency and
Writing Proficiency
As Reflected in College Entrance Examinations
李振清
世新大學英語系客座教授
(前教育部國際文教處處長、APEC EDNET 國際協調人)
[email protected]
http://cc.shu.edu.tw/~cte/gallery/ccli/
Fundamental reasons why most Taiwanese students fail
to perform well in the English writing component of
their annual college entrance examinations:
 Reading deficiency
 Teachers’ pedagogy of EFL reading/writing instruction
 Failure to develop voluntary reading and writing skills
One of the efficient ways to enhance high school and
college students’ EFL writing proficiency is to develop
reading literacy through extensive and intensive reading.
張武昌
教授/院長
English Is Everywhere!
學習英語文切勿「見樹不見林」
張武昌
國立台灣師大教發中心講座傳授英文學習訣竅
2008-12-02 （聯合報）
「西元2030年，英語不僅是國家的競爭力指標，更是所
有人應具備的基本能力！」師大前文學院院長、英語系教
授張武昌引用英國著名語言學家David Graddol的預言，
強調提升英語能力的迫切性，並提醒學習英文時候，聽說
讀寫不可偏廢。
在閱讀方面，張教授指出，現在國中小英文教育常有
「見樹不見林」的弊病，老師過於注重文法與單字，反而
忽略文章意義的傳授。他建議，閱讀文章時應善用五個W
原則(What, Why, Who, When, How)，準確掌握大要，
進一步領略文章之美。張教授並鼓勵同學能勤寫英文日記，
培養寫作能力。
David
Graddol
2008
Patricia
Duff 2008
即便是兒童，也應該在老師的有效指導下，施予英語
「聽、說、讀、寫」核心能力的漸進歷練與有效學習。
高中生可更有效施予此種整合能力的培養；大學生則可
據此邁向21世紀，藉以因應國際化的多元挑戰。
Merrill Sheil
(Newsweek, December, 1975)
The colleges and universities
complain that many of the most
intelligent freshmen, in some ways
more articulate and sophisticated
than ever before, are seriously
deficient when it comes to writing,
and organizing their thoughts on
paper. By the time they reach
college, the professors complain, it
is almost too late to help them.
Why Johnny Can’t Write?
Most of the experts, in fact,
applauded the modern notion that
grammar and syntax are most
successfully taught through a
child’s own writing, not by handling
him a set of abstract rules and
expecting him to conform once he
has learned them by rote.”
1969
1993
2000
 Language Use: The process concerned with the four skills of
listening, speaking, reading, and writing (L. G. Kelly, 1969).
 Motivation and Empowerment: From extrinsic to intrinsic –
Task/Product-based teaching (State of the Art TESOL, 1993).
 Learning a language requires commitment; a total physical,
intellectual, and emotional response are necessary to
successfully send and receive messages in a second language (H.
D. Brown 2000). Extensive and intensive reading are indeed
instrumental to the development of productive skills (R. Day &
J. Bamford, 1998; .C.C. Li 2010a).
 Teaching writing is a challenge: content/product-based
approaches (M. Celce-Murcia 2001; C.C. Li 2010b).
2008
Products or outcome of learning is the starting point in course
design (Jack C. Richards, 2005).
2005
 EFL instructors’ thorough mastery of the target language and
2001
extrinsic motivation are essential for ensuring learning
outcomes or product (CELC-NUS, 2008)
“In Palmer’s (Kelly 1969: 131) conception of extensive reading,
texts were clearly being read for the purpose of language study,
but because attention was on the content and not on the language,
it could only be that the texts were also being read for ordinary
real-world purposes of pleasure and information.” Similar ideas
have been proposed by Stephen Krashen and others (2000 – 2010),
capped with the notion of “voluntary reading” (悅讀).
“Intensive Reading: Getting Your Students To See the Forest as Well as the
Trees.” (Zhenyu Zhang, ERIC: Jan - Mar 1997) ~ 見樹又見林
High-school Students’ Performance in College Entrance Exams
2.5
91年=36.94分
92年=39.86分
93年=31.23分
94年=37.03分
95年=33.95分
96年=31.12分
97年=42.62分
98年=44.22分
99年=47.69分
Average Scores
2
47.69% (2010)
44.42% (2009)
42.62% (2008)
31.12% (2007)
33.95% (2006)
31.23
(2004)
36.94
(2003)
人 1.5
數
百
分
比
1
0.5
0
0
4
9
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
69
74
79
84
89
94
分數
2002–2010 Score of English writing in college entrance examinations
99
高中學生大學指考英文寫作凸顯的基本教/學問題
Percentage of accurate use of verb tenses in college entrance examinations, 2006
Simple past
Past Passive
Simple present
Why?
製圖：游慧雯
Present Passive
從高中生英文寫作能力，可看出學習問題與教學的策略。
考生在翻譯題與英文作文的表現，由於零分人數比
例偏高，大部分的報導都指出考生寫作能力低落，
應該要檢討並提出因應對策 。（林秀慧 2010）
内容贫乏、资讯不足、文法错误、拼字错乱
1989
Reading good books is my favorite hobby. Whenever
I read books, all my sorrow is gone. Though I like to
read good books very much, I have little time to do it.
Being a high school student, I must spare most of my
time on preparing examinations. Therefore, although
I take delight in reading good books, I can’t read
books to my content. As soon as I go to college, I will
buy many good books and read them. Besides, I will
make use of my library to increase my knowledge,
Also, I will take a good book with my at any time and
at any place. To sum up, when I become a freshman,
I will read many good books. (19, 17)
It goes without saying that a taxi ride
should not ask what his country can do
for him. He should what he should do
for his country.
Key constructs in 1980s  “classroom-oriented”
interaction research (esp. in CLT)
Computational metaphor
• Input: comprehensible & comprehended, ample,
salient, frequent
– “Input Hypothesis”
Susan Gass
Mike Long
• Interaction (NS-NNS or NNS-NNS),
modifications, negotiation of meaning  SLA
– “Interaction Hypothesis”
• Intake: integration, restructuring (Li 1994, 2008)
Merrill Swain
Stephen Krashen
• Output: practice, automaticity, noticing of
differences/gaps between speech forms
– “Output Hypothesis”
• Tasks: conducive to SLA, so study components,
variables maximize SLA: (Li 1994, 2008)
– accuracy, fluency, complexity
Peter Skehan
Rod Ellis
On EFL Communication Skills Interaction 2009-2010
“The four skills approach to
communicative language
teaching has been with us for a
long time. It is not perfect, but
in many ways it is seen as the
best and most effective way of
teaching English as a Second
or Foreign Language.” (John
McRae 2009).
“The Benefits and Challenges of
Holistic Language Learning”
(Roger Nunn 2010):
 Involving students’ whole
selves in the learning process
 Project/Product/Task-based
learning
 Motivation
Follow Andrew
Carnegie's Legacy:
rags-to-riches
Diverse knowledge
background matters.
The Scottish
immigrant fashions
himself into a
captain of US
industry, the king
of steel, the richest
man in the 19th
century America.
He devoted his life
to helping people
through education.
Carnegie-Mellon
University
第 46 至 49 題為題組 (96年指考）
Andrew Carnegie, once the world’s richest person, was born in 1835 to a weaver’s
family in Scotland. As a child, he was expected to follow his father’s profession. But the
industrial revolution destroyed the weavers’ craft, and the family had to leave for new
possibilities in America.
In 1848 the Carnegies arrived in Pittsburgh, then the iron-manufacturing center of the
country. Young Carnegie took odd jobs at a cotton factory and later worked as a
messenger boy in the telegraph office. He was often asked to deliver messages to the city
theater, where he would stay to watch plays by great playwrights. He also spent most of his
leisure hours in a small library that a local benefactor made available to working boys.
After the Civil War, Carnegie saw great potential in the iron industry. He devoted himself to
the replacement of wooden bridges with stronger iron ones and earned a fortune. He
further introduced a new steel refining process to convert iron into steel. By 1900, Carnegie
Steel produced more of the metal than all of Great Britain.
However, Carnegie often expressed his uneasiness with the businessman’s life.
Wishing to spend more time receiving instruction and reading systematically, he once wrote,
“To continue much longer overwhelmed by business cares and with most of my thoughts
wholly upon the way to make more money in the shortest time, must degrade me beyond
hope of permanent recovery.” The strong desire for intellectual pursuit led him to sell his
company and retire at 64.
Fond of saying that “the man who dies rich dies disgraced,” Carnegie then turned his
attention to giving away his fortune. He abhorred charity; instead, he used his money to
help others help themselves. He established over 2,500 public libraries, and sponsored
numerous cultural, educational and scientific institutions. By the time he died in 1919, he
had given away 350 million dollars. (He also founded the famous Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.)
The Volcano in Iceland
erupted, drifting ash at
18,000 to 33,000 feet
above the earth.
Volcanic Ash Grounds Flights
across Much of Europe
(Reuters 4/17/20)
Volcanic Ash to Curtail Air
Traffic (New York Times 4/15/2010)
A dark and spectacular volcanic
cloud shrouded much of northern
Europe on Thursday, forcing airlines
to cancel thousands of flights.
Europe Cuts 77% of Flights due to
the volcano which erupted in Iceland
on Wednesday, April 14. Relief may
hopefully come by April 22.
Millions of passengers were
stranded at airports in Stockholm,
Copenhagen, Amsterdam, Paris,
London, and other cities in Europe.
The Tonight Show with
Jay Leno (NBC)
To me, one of the greatest
books ever written is Charles
Dickens’s A Christmas Carol.
Why? Because of its simple
premise: Doing the right thing
makes you feel better. It’s not
a religious thing. It’s just that
doing good things will improve
your life. Let’s face it, you
cannot eat the whole pie or
you’ll make yourself sick. Eat
some, and then give
whatever is left over to other
people. (Jay Leno)
Decent vocabulary, useful and
practical syntactic structures, and
styles, etc., can be learned to use
productively in an EFL/EIL context.
The value and extensive reading and multiple rewritings
Product-based approaches boost
students’ motivation for learning.
Tuesday, May 26, 2009, Page 8
Lessons from the DPP sit-in
I read with great concern, and watched the TV with interest, regarding the recent Democratic
Progressive Party (DPP) sit-in (“DPP wraps up sit-in demonstration,” May 19, page 1). I have learned a very
important lesson about how to keep social and political rationality.
The DPP’s “sit-in” was a major protest activity against President Ma Ying-jeou’s (馬英九) performance
during his first year in office. In a democratic society, everyone has the right to demand that the
government provide a good environment of complete freedom, a stable economy and overall prosperity.
However, we should not insult or bitterly criticize a person or a government without employing
rationality and reasonable consideration. During the sit-in, some people were shouting in coarse language
to express their feelings. I think they should calm down, because it is useless to argue for their needs in
such a manner when protesting on the street.
On the other hand, the sit-in influenced many students writing examinations that day. The noise
disturbed students’ concentration and the traffic problem brought many inconveniences to them, their
parents and others.
In conclusion, I have learned and endorsed the rationality of the DPP organizers. Democracy in Taiwan
still has a long way to go. Both the ruling and opposing parties have yet to learn to behave rationally for the
sake of Taiwan.
ANN LAI
Taipei
Extensive reading, on-line discussion and further challenges
Saturday, Apr. 3, 2010
Gender Equality Imperative
For centuries, men have been thought of as the main labor force in the open market as well as in
the countryside. As time passed, many women have been gradually taking up jobs to earn money to
share the household expenses of the family.
Although women devote themselves to their jobs, they still face unfair treatment in the workplace.
Reading the Taipei Times’ report on women in the workplace (“Women still face discrimination,”
March 9, page 2), I have found that the number of career women is rising rapidly, although gender
discrimination has still not been eliminated. Gender discrimination is particularly evident when it
comes to promotion and pay.
Thanks to our government’s policy on gender equality in employment, women are entitled to more
protection in the workplace. In another Taipei Times article it was reported that India’s government
decided to reserve a third of all seats in parliament’s upper house for women (“Women’s bill triggers
uproar in India,” March 9, page 4). It is evident that many conservative countries have started to take
women’s rights and gender equality into account.
However, there are still many policies that limit women’s rights, limiting their achievement in their
jobs. Many female professionals and laborers are confronted with prejudice in different workplaces.
Occasionally, some are even sexually harassed.
It is thus imperative that all governments take action and enact laws that eliminate these types of
discrimination, thereby better protecting female workers on the grounds of justice and humanism.
Steven Chang
Taipei
Prompting students to extend “Academic Writing” based on general
writing skills, covering resourceful academic, literary, social and
cultural contents. It justifies the function of holistic learning.
Third revision after on-line discussion.
The perils of prostitution
Saturday, Apr 17, 2010, Page 8
Kudos to the Taipei Times for your article on prostitution (“Sex workers coerced into trade,” April 12, page 2),
reversing the popular myth that many young girls voluntarily enter the sex industry merely for money.
A study by The Garden of Hope Foundation found that 60 percent of young sex workers are victims of coercion
or deceit. The others, who are needy, have no choice but to become prostitutes. Most of them are controlled by
large brothel groups. They did not volunteer to be sex workers.
As the Taipei City Department of Social Welfare’s Chen Shu-chuan (陳淑娟) said, “Many of the girls are
desperate for money, for care, or for love.”
During the Victorian era in the UK, some young girls from the working class were sacrificed for the sake of
their families to work as prostitutes. For example, Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the d’Urbervilles depicted how a
mother intended to sell her daughter to cover living expenses. In the 19th century, girls were used in this way to
get money for their needy families.
However, in the 21st century, some underage girls are still forced to be sex workers for the sake of financial
survival. A NOWnews article on Monday told the story of Fenfen (芬芬), whose father forced her into the sex trade
when she was eight. The sad case of this girl is a typical one, characterizing the malfunctioning of our social
system. The Garden of Hope study found that some of the young girls are deceived by their parents and friends.
Most of these young girls in the sex trade are not in it for easy money. They are in fact victims.
As a mother of a six-year-old girl, I read this report with grave concern. This issue relates to social problems
and education. What can we do to safeguard these young kids?
Love and care are the most treasured elements in the family and in school education.
First, teachers should not only take care of students’ studies, but also take their family conditions into account.
Second, establishing positive values is parents’ most important responsibility to their children.
Third, reinforcing family ethics is indispensable in our modern society.
Finally, with love and care, our children may steer clear of being deceived by prostitution syndicates.
All women and girls should be treated fairly in terms of the humanistic concept of “gender equality,” a theme
which has been globally proclaimed.
It is everybody’s responsibility to rebuild a society of compassion and harmony.
Irene Wang
Taipei
Convert the textbook contents into
contextualized practice through teacherstudents interaction in a diverse way.
ENGLISH 考科的命題新趨勢:
內容：廣泛、多元、新知、啟發。
文法：實用、搭配閱讀；後設認知。
作文：延續閱讀能力、啟發潛能。
翻譯：配合寫作與閱讀、背景知識。
啟示：Contents/Task-based; 師生互動。
83學年度學科能力測驗各科試題及選擇題答案
2008 TOEFL iBT in Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing:
Taiwan, China, Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore
Why do most college students fail to write or speak English?
30
25
73
78
20
78
15
79
10
100
5
0
Taiwan
China
Korea
Hong Kong
Singapore
Full Score: 120
World average: 79
Reading
Listening
Speaking
Writing
For your reference:
Nov. 25, 2005
[129] 2009/06/16
[128] 2009/02/18
[127] 2009/02/04
[126] 2009/01/14
[125] 2008/12/04
[124] 2008/12/04
[123] 2008/11/19
[115] 2008/08/20
[114] 2008/08/06
[99] 2008/02/13
[98] 2008/02/06
[97] 2008/01/30
[96] 2008/01/16
[94] 2007/12/19
[93] 2007/12/12
[92] 2007/12/05
[91] 2007/11/21
[90] 2007/11/14
[89] 2007/11/07
[77] 2007/07/11
[58] 2007/01/10
[57] 2007/01/03
[40] 2006/08/23
[21] 2006/04/19
[20] 2006/04/12
[13] 2006/02/22
[12] 2006/02/15
世新菁英的哈佛大學國際啟示
蓋茲堡演說的經典內涵與修辭藝術
閱讀是提升高中生英文能力的致勝關鍵
語言學家葛瑞鐸看21世紀的英語新發展
提升大學生英文素養的多元互動策略
Bachman 教授理論延伸的大學指考英文命題藝術
從大學指考探討高中生英文寫作能力的問題
大學指考英文成績回穩的多元啟示
大學指考翻譯與作文彰顯的英語文能力培養之道
2008 年學測所凸顯的英語文學習訣竅 (下)
2008 年學測所凸顯的英語文學習訣竅 (上)
高中生邁向國際化教育的英語文準備策略
以泛讀與知識背景提昇英語實用能力的策略
Group Dynamics 激發的英語文說寫功能
提昇英文閱讀素養是人才培育的基礎
APEC 計畫下的大學生英語文能力挑戰
藉廣泛閱讀以提昇英語文能力的教學策略
提昇高中生英語文統整能力的教學策略（下）
提昇高中生英語文統整能力的教學策略（上）
以閱讀為核心的 2007 年大學英文指考
善用 e-mail 的互動功能以歷練英語文溝通能力
英文和華語文教學的本土發展與國際接軌
激發高職生英語潛能的基本途徑
提昇資優生的英語能力以拓展視野與品格
高中生的英文潛能開發
增進英語文多元能力的單字記憶法（下）
增進英語文多元能力的單字記憶法（上）
English, English Everywhere: 1982 - 2010
全方位提升當前大學生英語文能力的必要性與迫切性
從(高等)教育、政治、外交、
文化、科技研究與發展到金
融，英語幾乎已經成為人類
各種行業的共同語言。(2005)
2010世界將有1/2的人口以英語溝通